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142 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Largest living structure on Earth and it's size |
Great Barrier Reef of Australia. 2,600km/133,000 sq/ miles |
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How many cells make up the body |
75 to 100 trillion |
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All cells are derived from a single cell known as a |
Zygote |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things
Organization |
Living things are highly organized and expend a large amount of energy to maintain order |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things
Metabolism |
Chemical reactions occurring in cells Organisms acquire energy from their environment Use energy to maintain internal order |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things Homeostasis |
Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions
P.h. of blood is maintained by homeostasis. |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things
Respond to Stimuli |
Organisms react to environmental changes that promote their survival |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things Growth |
Produces more or larger cells |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things Development |
Series of changes in state of a cell, tissue, organ, or organism. |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things Reproduction |
Produces organisms with defined set of characteristics. Organisms reproduce to sustain life over many generations. DNA provides blueprint for the organization, development, and function of living things. |
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Characteristics Shared by All Living Things Adapt and Evolve |
Evolution: Change in Allele frequencies in populations of organisms over time. Pesticide resistant insects Antibiotic resistant bacteria |
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Bacteria |
Most primitive cells Lack a nucleus Have cell wall (outside of plasma membrane) |
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Archaea |
Cells lack a nucleus Have cell wall Some live in extreme environments |
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Eukarya |
Cells have a nucleus |
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Protista |
Most are single celled organisms Autotrophic or Heterotrophic Usually no cell wall |
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What is science? |
Observation, identification, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of natural phenomena. |
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What is the scientific method? |
The general method used by scientific investigators to gather information about the natural world. Every reputable investigator adheres to this method. |
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Steps in the scientific method |
1. Observation 2. Hypothesis 3. Design an Experiment (control group and experimental group) 4. Collect data 5. Draw a conclusion (hypothesis is supported or rejected). 6. Theory formation |
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Analyzing graphs |
results plotted on Y axis experimental value is plotted on X axis |
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What is standard error? |
The statistical information that tells us how certain a particular variable is. |
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Define an Atom |
Smallest unit of matter indivisible by normal chemical and physical means. Can divide by chemical measures |
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Molecule |
Two or more atoms joined together. |
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Cell |
Smallest unit of life |
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Organelle |
Compartmented regions of cytoplasm where specific reactions occur. |
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Species |
Similarly constructed organisms capable of producing fertile offspring. |
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Population |
All members of the SAME SPECIES living in a specific location. |
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Community |
All of the members of different species living in a specific location. |
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Ecosystem |
Composed of the living and non-living components of a given area. |
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Biosphere |
The region above, on, and below the earth's surface capable of sustaining life. |
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How many atoms make up the human body? |
At least 7 octillion |
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These chemicals make up over 90% of the human body |
Hydrogen, Oxygen, Carbon, and Nitrogen |
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Matter |
Anything that has a mass and takes up space |
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Elements |
Basic building blocks of matter. Composed of the same type of atom. |
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Atomic symbol |
Shorthand method for representing an element. |
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Atomic Number |
Number of protons an atoms contains |
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Atomic Mass |
Sum of the number of protons and neutrons in an atom |
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Proton |
Positively charged subatomic particle Located within the nucleus. |
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Neutron |
Subatomic particle with no charge Located within the nucleus |
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Electron |
Negatively charged subatomic particle. Atoms have the same number of protons as electrons. |
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Isotope |
Atoms of the same element with same number of protons but a different number of neutrons. |
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Molecules |
Forms when two or more atoms join together. Can be made of the same atom or different atoms. |
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Octet Rule |
Atoms most stable with eight electrons in outermost shell. (Exceptions is Hydrogen with only one shell and is full with only two electrons). |
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Ionic Bonds |
Gain or loss of electrons that results in net electrical charge of an atom. Not very strong bonds A charged atom is an Ion. |
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Cations |
Positively charged ions |
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Anions |
Negatively charged ions. |
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Covalent Bonds |
Strong bonds Atoms share electrons Electro-negativity: The ability of atoms to attract electrons in a bond with another atom. Represented by a solid line. |
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Non-polar Covalent Bonds |
Electrons are shared equally No partial charges develop on atoms
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Polar Bonds |
Separation of charges in resulting molecule Electrons are not shared equally One atom "tugs" electron closer to it's nucleus. |
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Hydrogen Bonds |
Weak chemical attraction b/w a partially positive atom of a polar molecule and a partially negative atom of another polar molecule. Individually weak bonds. |
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Water |
Solvent that serves as the medium in which chemical reactions occur. Water molecules cling together High Heat of Vaporization Able to absorb heat without increasing much in temperature. |
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Acid |
Releases hydrogen ions in solution |
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Base |
Releases hydroxyl ions in solution |
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pH scale |
Measure of H+ concentration of a solution. pH can affect: Shape and Function of Molecules Chemical reaction rates Ability of molecules to bind together Ability of ions/molecules to dissolve in water. |
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Acidic Solution Basic Solution Neutral Solution |
Acidic: pH<7 Basic: pH>7 Neutral: pH=7 |
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Salt |
Forms when an acid and base react |
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Buffer |
Prevents drastic changes in pH of body fluids. |
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Organic molecules |
Composed of carbon atoms in the form of chains or rings and also contain hydrogen. |
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4 Organic Macro-molecules of Life |
Carbohydrates (starches/sugars) Proteins Lipids (fats) Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates |
Sugars and Starches Function: Energy sources Structural Elements Recognition sites on membrane surfaces Contain 1 C, 2 H, 1 O
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Monosaccharides |
Simple Sugars Contain monomers (building blocks) Contain glucose (fuel molecule burned to make quick energy) Ex: Fructose |
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Disaccharides |
Polymers of mono-saccharides 2 mono-saccharides joined Contain sucrose (table sugar) Contain lactose (milk sugar) |
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Polysaccharides |
Polymers of monosaccharides Long chains of monosaccharides Contains Glycogen (branched)--Primary storage form of glucose in animals Contains Cellulose (unbranched)--Primary storage form of glucose in plants |
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Proteins |
Composed of 20 commonly occurring amino acids (monomers). Functions: Structural Elements Transport of Molecules and Ions Enzymes (speed up chemical reactions and required to maintain homeostasis) Defense of the body Cell Signaling Gene Expression and Regulation |
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Lipids |
Fats and fat-like substances Will not dissolve in water Functions: Primary component of biological membranes hormones (testosterone, estrogen) energy sources body contour (adipose) and insulation (guards against excessive heat loss) |
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Triglycerides |
Composed of glycerol and 3 fatty acids Burn as fuel molecules to help meet long-term energy needs
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Saturated Triglycerides |
Each C in fatty acid is attached to 2 H atoms Solid @ room temperature Butter, lard, margarine |
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Unsaturated Triglycerides |
Double bonds between some C atoms in fatty acid Tend to be liquid @ room temperature Corn oil, Sunflower Oil |
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Phospholipids |
Primary component of membranes Resemble triglycerides with one fatty acid replaced by a phosphate group Phosphate group is charged :Head (polar) Remainder of molecule is not charged: Tail (non-polar) |
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Steroids |
Alcohols with fat-like properties Composed of 4 fused carbon rings Examples are: Cholesterol Testosterone Estrogen Progesterone
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DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) |
Storage of all information required for protein synthesis; repository of genetic information. |
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Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) |
Transcription (copying) of code in DNA and translation of the code (protein synthesis). |
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Carbon |
Can form bonds with many other atoms. Can form strong stable bonds with other carbon atoms. Distance b/w carbon atoms is short Shorter bonds more stable than longer bonds |
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Levels of Protein Organization (4) Primary Structure Secondary Structure Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure |
Primary Structure: Linear sequence of amino acids. Genetically determined.
Secondary Structure: Folding or pleating of the primary structure.
Tertiary Structure: Involves 1 polypeptide bending and folding of the secondary structure.
Quaternary Structure: Association of multiple polypeptides |
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What is the cell range size? |
1 to 100 micrometers |
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Size of average human cell |
50 micrometers or 0.05mm in diameter |
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Why are cells made up of many tiny cells instead of fewer larger cells? |
When a cell increases in size, the volume (contents) of the cell increase at a higher rater than the surface area. |
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Prokaryotic Cells |
Most primitive cell type. No nucleus or membrane bound organelles. |
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Archea |
Can live in diverse environments. |
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Eukaryotic Cells |
Nucleus containing the genetic material (DNA). Have membrane bound organelles. |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells
Plasma Membrane |
Composed of a phospholipid bi-layer and proteins. Regulates movements into/out of cell Selectively permeable |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Nucleus |
Part of endomembrane system Storage of genetic information (DNA) Usually large 10-20% of cell volume |
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Part of nucleus Chromatin |
DNA and Protein When condensed called chromosomes |
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Part of nucleus Nuclear Envelope |
Double membrane Defines boundaries of nucleus Part of endomembrane system
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Part of nucleus Nuclear Pores |
Allow molecules to pass into/out of nucleus |
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Part of nucleus Nucleolus |
Ribosomal components made here |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Endoplasmic Reticulum |
Rough ER: System of membranes Studded with Ribosomes (protein synthesis) Functions: Protein synthesis and attachment of sugars to proteins & lipids (aka, glycosylation).
Smooth ER: Continuous with Rough ER Lacks ribosomes Functions: Lipid synthesis and detoxification |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Golgi Apparatus |
Part of endo-membrane system Stack of membranes Receives material from ER Functions: Sorts, modifies and packages ER products vesicle formation |
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Organelles of Eukaryotic Cells Vesicle |
Part of endo-membrane system Membrane bound sac Function: Storage/transport, detoxification, and digestion. |
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Lysosome |
Digest worn-out cells parts, pathogens, and debris. Contain hydrolytic enztymes |
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Cytoskeleton |
Microtubules: Long, hollow, cylindrical structures. Composed of protein tubulin Maintain cell shape, movement, and organelles and chromosomes
Intermediate Filaments: Mechanical strength Maintain cell shape.
Actin Filaments: Maintain cell shape Movement |
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Mitochondrion |
Power house of the cell Site of ATP synthesis (inner-membrane) Double membrane Self-replicating Mitochondrial DNA |
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Centriole |
Composed of microtubules, separation of chromosomes during division. |
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Flagella |
Composed of mictrotubules Usually long and singular Movement of entire cell (requires ATP |
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Cilia |
Compose of microtubules Usually short and multiple In humans, move material across cells |
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Adhering Junctions |
Join plasma membranes of adjacent cells together. Cytoskeletal elements extend from one cell to the next. Anchor cells together Common in skin cells Two types: Zonula Adherent (adhesion junction and wrap around cell in belt like fashion) Desmosome (spot welds, small circular junctions). |
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Occluding Junctions |
Prevent material from passing between adjacent cells. Forms a seal b/w cells Zips cells together Common in Kidney Type of this junction: Zonula Occludens "tight junctions". Wrap around cell in belt like fashion. |
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Communicating Junctions |
Allows material to pass from cell to cell. Type: Gap Junction (small circular complexes,forms channels b/w adjacent cells). |
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How things move across the plasma membrane: |
1. Diffusion 2. Osmosis 3. Facilitated Transport 4. Active Transport 5. Endocytosis 6. Exocytosis |
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Diffusion |
Random movement of molecules from a higher concentration to a lover concentration. No energy required. |
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Osmosis |
Diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane. Higher concentration to lower concentration No energy required Fluids may be able to alter the shape of cells |
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Isotonic fluids |
Have sole solute concentration as water concentration. No net movement of water. Cell shapes no altered. |
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Hypotonic fluids |
Have lower solute concentration and higher water concentration than cells. Water enters cells. Cell may swell and burst. Ex: Distilled water. |
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Hypertonic fluids |
Have higher solute concentration and lower water concentration than cells. Water leaves cells. Cells shrivel (crenate). Ex: Sea water. |
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Tonicity |
Ability of a fluid to change cell shape by altering water content. |
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Solute |
Particles dissolved in a fluid. |
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Solvent |
Fluid in which the solute is dissolved. |
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Facilitated Transport |
Transport of molecules requiring a carrier protein Molecules moved from higher concentration to lower concentration. No energy required. |
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Endocytosis |
Transports molecules or cells into the cell. Plasma membrane invaginates around material Vesicle forms and is incorporated into cell. |
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Exocytosis |
Transport molecules out of the cell. Vesicle containing molecules fuses with plasma membrane. Vesicle opens releasing contents. |
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How much dust does dead skin in the atmosphere make up? |
1 billion tons |
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How many skin cells per minute does a person shed |
50,000 |
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What is the span, weight and number of blood vessels contain in an adult's skin? |
21 square feet, weighs 9 pounds, and contains > 11 miles of blood vessels. |
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How much seat per day does skin release in hot weather? |
3 gallons |
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Tissues |
Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function. |
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4 basic types of cells |
1. Epithelial 2. Connective 3. Muscle 4. Nervous |
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Epithelial Tissue |
Two types: Epithelium Glandular Epithelium |
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Epithelium Tissue |
Cover body surfaces and line body cavities Function: Secretion Absorption Protection |
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Glandular Epithelium |
Derived from epithelial tissue Contains: Exocrine Glands--Equipped with ducts to transport product Endocrine Glands--Ductless Glands. Highly vascular, product (hormones) transported by blood |
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Connective Tissue |
Cartilage, bone, fat, etc. Function: Bind tissues, structures together (Ex: tendons/ligaments) Protection Support (bones of skeleton) Insulation of body (adipose tissue) Transport of vital materials (blood) |
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Connective Tissue Cells |
Fibroblasts---Most common, secrete matrix and fibers Macrophages--Engulf debris White Blood Cells--Defend body from disease Plasma Cells--Secrete antibodies |
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Fibers |
Secreted by fibroblasts Collagen Fibers--Imparts great tensile strength to tissues Elastic Fibers--Responsible for elasticity of tissue Reticular Fibers--Structural framework for liver, lymph organs |
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Extracellular Matrix |
Gel like consistency Prevents invasion by bacteria Allows water soluble materials to diffuse through
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Types of muscle tissue |
Skeletal (most attached to skeleton) Cardiac (Heart) Smooth (Walls of organs/glands) |
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Neuron |
Only cell in nervous system capable of conducting nerve impulses. Structural and functional unit of nervous system. |
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Integumentary System |
Functions: Protection Prevention of Water Loss Regulation of Body Temperature Excretion of Waste Products Synthesis of Vitamin D Sensory Reception |
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Epidermis |
Outer layer of skin Composed of epithelial tissue |
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Types of Skin Cells |
1. Keratinocytes 2. Melanocytes 3. Merkel Cells 4. Langerhan Cells 5. Dermis |
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Keratinocytes |
Most common Produce Water insoluable protein (keratin) Arranged in 4 zones in thick skin 1. Stratum Basale: Inntermost layer of epidermins, single layers of living cells. 2. Stratum Spinosum: Next layer up. Spiny shaped living cells. 3. Straum Granulosum: Mixture of live and dead cells. 4. Stratum Lucidum: Only seen in thick skin, cells are dead.
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Melanocytes |
Produce pigment/melanin (black, brown, yellow) Protects DNA from damage by UV light Beta Carotene: Derived from diet--yellow orange. Stored in adipose tissue (fat) Hemoglobin: Located in red blood cells, O2 transporting protein is Bright Red but pink when combine with O2 |
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Merkel Cells |
Touch receptors (b/w epidermis and dermis). Ex: Fingertips |
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Langerhan Cells |
Defensive cells Protection from disease causing agents |
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Dermis |
Inner layer of skin Highly vascularized Contains sensory structures, lymph vessels, nerves, glands |
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Sensory Structures of the Dermis |
Meissner's Corpuscles--Light touch (finger tips) Pacinian Corpuscles--Deep pressure (large, look like an onion cut in half). |
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Hypodermis |
Lies beneath dermis Not a layer of the skin Contains much adipose (fat) tissue Function. Body contour, insulation Females have a thicker layer of adipose tissue than males. |
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Glands |
Derived from epithelial tissue |
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Sweat Glands |
Eccrine: 2.5 million in the body. Function in temperature regulation Apocrine: Function in humans is unknown. No role in temperature regulation. |
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Sebaceous Glands |
Oil Glands All regions of the body except for the palms and soles have these. Large on face, neck, and upper chest. Produce sebum which lubricates skin and hair. Clogged ducts with bacterial invasion is know as ACNE. |
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Hair Follicles |
Organs that produce hair |
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Hair |
Dead, Keratinized cells Dark hair color is due to melanin production If melanin contains iron and sulfur blonde or red hair results. Gray hair has a lack of melanin White hair is when air is trapped in hair shaft. |
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What causes goose pimples? |
Contraction of arrector pili muscles These attach to the hair follicles causing the hairs to contract and "stand on end" |
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Nails |
Protective covering of distal part of fingers and toes. Grows from special epithelial cell @ base of nail known as the nail root. |
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Lunula |
White colored half moon shape at the nail based that results from the thick layers of cells there. As nail grows over the nail bed it hardens becoming karatinized. |