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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Anatomy |
The structure of an organism |
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Physiology |
The process and functions of an organism |
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Interstitial Fluid |
The fluid filling the spaces between cells in most animals |
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Tissues |
An integrated group of cells with a common structure, function, or both |
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Organs |
A specialized centre of body function composed of several different types of tissues |
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Organ Systems |
A group of organs that work together in performing vital body functions |
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Regulator |
An animal for which mechanisms of homeostasis moderate internal changes in a particular variable in the face of external fluctuation of that variable |
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Conformer |
An animal for which an internal condition conforms to (changes in accordance with) changes in an environmental variable |
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Homeostasis |
The steady-state physiological condition of the body |
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Set Point |
In homeostasis in animals, a value maintained for a particular variable, such as body temperature or solute concentration |
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Stimulus |
In feedback regulation, a fluctuation in a variable that triggers a response |
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Sensor |
In homeostasis, a receptor that detects a stimulus |
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Response |
In feedback regulation, a physiological activity triggered by a change in a variable |
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Negative Feedback |
A for of regulation in which accumulation of an end product of a process slows the process; in physiology, a primary mechanism of homeostasis, whereby a change in a variable triggers a response that counteracts the initial change |
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Positive Feedback |
A form of regulation in which an end product of a process speeds up that process; in physiology, a control mechanism in which a change in a variable trigger a response that reinforces or amplifies the change |
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Circadian Rhythm |
A physiological cycle of about 24 hours that persists even in the absence of external cues |
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Acclimation |
Physiological adjustment to a change in a single environmental factor |
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Acclimatization |
Physiological adjustment to changes in complex environmental factors |
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Thermoregulation |
The maintenance of internal body temperature within a tolerable range |
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Endotherms - Name an example |
Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature higher than that of the external environment -Walrus is an example |
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Ectotherms - Name an example |
Body temperature is determined mainly by external conditions. Produce some heat by metabolism, but not enough to elevate temperature above that imposed by the environment - Turtle is an example |
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Integumentary System |
The outer covering of the mammal's body, including skin, hair, nails, claws or hooves |
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Countercurrent Exchange |
The exchange of a substance or heat between two fluids flowing in opposite directions. For example, blood in a fish gill flows in the opposite direction of water passing over the gill, maximizing diffusion of oxygen into and carbon dioxide out of the blood |
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Radiation |
The emission of electromagnetic waves by all objects warmer than absolute zero. Example, a lizard absorbs heat radiation from the distant sun, and radiates a smaller amount of energy to the surrounding air |
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Evaporation |
The removal of heat from the surface of a liquid that is losing some of its molecules as gas. Evaporation of water from a lizard's moist surfaces that are exposed to the environment has a strong cooling effect |
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Conduction |
The direct transfer of thermal motion (heat) between molecules of objects in contact with each other, as when a lizard sits on a hot rock |
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Convection |
The transfer of heat by the movement of air or liquid past a surface, as when a breeze contributes to heat loss from a lizard's dry skin, or when blood moves heat from the body core to the extremities |
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Nonshivering Thermogenesis |
A process that occurs in brown adipose tissue, that results in the production of heat |
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Hypothalamus |
The ventral part of the vertebrate forebrain; function in maintaining homeostasis, especially in coordinating the endocrine and nervous systems; secretes hormones of the posterior pituitary gland and releasing factors that regulate the anterior pituitary |
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Bioenergetics |
The overall flow and transformation of energy in an organism |
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Metabolic Rate |
The total amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time |
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Basal Metabolic Rate |
The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, and non-stressed endotherm at a comfortable temperature |
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Standard Metabolic Rate |
The metabolic rate of a resting, fasting, non-stressed ectotherm at a particular temperature |
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Torpor |
A physiological state in which activity is low and metabolism decreases |
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Hibernation |
A long-term physiological state in which metabolism decreases, the heart and respiratory system slow down, and body temperature is maintained at a lower level than normal |
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Osmoregulation |
Regulation of solute concentrations and water balance by a cell or organism |
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Excretion |
The disposal of nitrogen-containing metabolites and other waste products |
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Osmosis |
The diffusion of free water across a selectively permeable membrane |
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Osmolarity |
Solute concentration expressed as molarity |
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Osmoconformer |
An animal that is isoosmotic with its environment |
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Osmoregulator |
An animal that controls its internal osmolarity independent by the external environment |
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Anhydrobiosis |
A dormant state involving loss of almost all body water |
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Transport Epithelia |
One of more layers of specialized epithelial cells that carry out and regulate solute movement |