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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is physiology?
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the study of the functions and vital processes, collectively of an organism, or of an organ or system of organs
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What are three focal examples in which transport occurs?
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1. Cell membranes
2. Cell monolayers 3. Luminal to serosal compartments |
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Homeostasis
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internal consistency and/or coordination of processes
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CHEMICAL
1. Transport Units 2. Driving Force 3. Resistance Factors |
1. flux = moles/sec
2. concentration gradient 3. viscosity, particle size, permeability, difusion distance |
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HYDRAULIC
1. Transport Units 2. Driving Force 3. Resistance Factors |
1. flow = liter/min
2. pressure gradient 3. viscosity, vessel radius, vessel length |
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ELECTRICAL
1. Transport Units 2. Driving Force 3. Resistance Factors |
1. current = C/sec
2. voltage gradient 3. conductivity, diameter of conductor |
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NET TRANSPORT = ?
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(Net Driving Force)/(Resistance)
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Cell Membrane
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membrane that encloses animal cell and forms outer boundary of the cell
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Cell Monolayer
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single layer of cells
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Example of Luminal to serosal transport
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digestion of glucose
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Diffusion
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the movement of molecules from one location to another as a result of random thermal motion
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Diffusional Equilibrium
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random thermal motion will redistribute the solute from regions of higher concentration to regions of lower concentration until the solute reaches a uniform concentration throughout the solution
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Net Flux
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considers movement in both directions
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Example of Intrinsic
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beating heart
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Example of Extrinsic
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heart rate
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Variables in Fick's Law of Diffusion:
(Change in C), A, D, (Change in x) |
(Change in C): change in concentration
A: area D: diffusion constant (Change in x): membrane thickness |
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Variables in Diffusion Constant:
kT, r, v |
kT: average kinetic energy
r: molecular radius v: viscosity of the medium |
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Viscosity
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internal friction in a moving fluid
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Brownian Movement
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random movement
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Einstein's Relation variables:
x, D, t |
x: average displacement
D: solute diffusion constant t: time |
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What is explained by Einstein's Relation?
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Einstein’s relation defines the amount of time required for a solute diffuse over a given distance
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Angiogenesis
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growth of new blood vessels from old ones
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McArdle Disease
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-Phosphorylase deficient
-Effects Muscle only- limited amout to perform strenuous exercise b/c of painful muscle cramps, otherwise pt normal -moderately increased glycogen amt, normal structure |
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Osmolarity
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total solute concentration of a solution
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Osmole
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equal to 1 mol of solute particles
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Osmotic Pressure
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predicts whether a solution will lose or gain water by osmosis; the greater the osmolarity, the greater the osmotic pressure; force that is required to balance
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Tonicity
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the effect of a solution on cell volume, which depends on differences in osmolarity, but also on the types of solutes and the permeability of the membrane to those solutes
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Hypertonic
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greater solute concentration
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Hypotonic
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lesser solute concentration
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Aquaporins
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proteins embedded in the cell membrane that regulate the flow of water; discovered by Peter Agre
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Variables for Osmotic Pressure:
P, R, T |
P: water pressure
R: ideal gas constant T: temperature (in Kelvin) |
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Voltage is...
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potential difference across the membrane due to separation of charge
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At equilibrium, the equations that describe electrical and chemical work are _______ in magnitude, but ________ in direction.
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equal, opposite
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Equilibrium Potential
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voltage required across the membrane to prevent net movement of an ion down it's concentration gradient; electrical work = chemical work
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Electrical Work
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movement of charged produced in response to an electrical field
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Chemical Work
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movement of a chemical substance in response to a concentration gradient
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Nernst Equation
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describes a balance of forces where the electric potential difference across the membrane balances the diffusion of solute down its concentration gradient
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Steady State
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not at equilibrium, however there is constant net movement
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Current
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Net flow of charges
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Resistance
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the difficulty with which ions move across the membrane
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Conductance
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the ease with which ions move across the membrane
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DF = ?
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V-E
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Chord Conductance Equation
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used to calculate resting membrane potential
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Chemical Steady State
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condition where bulk ion concentrations within the cell remain constant over time
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Passive Diffusion
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no energy needed; pass through lipid bilayer without help from proteins
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Facilitated Diffusion
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protein required to move across lipid bilayer
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Primary Active Transport
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uses exergonic rxn
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Seconday Active Transport
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couples movement of one molecule to a second
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