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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the 3 main types of Ancestry? |
European, African, and Oriental. |
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Which 2 ancestries have almost no research about them? |
Native American & Hispanic |
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In what 4 sections are anthroposcopic traits of the cranial skeleton analyzed? |
The nose, face, vault, and teeth/jaws. |
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What is the most useful cranial feature that helps identify the ancestral group? |
the nose |
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What are the 5 observable features of the nose? |
The root, bridge, spine, lower border, and opening |
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Define the root |
Area of the nose where the nasals meet the frontal nasion |
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Define the bridge |
the ridge of bone formed by the nasals |
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Define the spine |
A projection of bone emanating from both the floor of the nasal aperture and the anterior part of the maxillae |
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How can the lower border vary? |
It can be flat, such that the floor of the nose merges with the anterior maxilla, or it can be raised into a distinct sill. |
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How does the shape of the nasal opening vary? |
The shape can range from an isosceles triangle with a narrow base to a roughly shaped equilateral triangle. |
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Which ethnic group has the highest raised nasal root? |
Caucasians- it often extends past the eye orbits |
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Which ethnic group has the largest spine? |
Caucasians |
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The low border of the nose forms a pronounced sill in which ethnic group? |
Caucasians |
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Which cranial skeleton feature is the most important? |
The facial profile |
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How does the facial profile differ among the 3 ethnic groups? |
different jaw sizes causes different lengths of projection |
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Which ethnic group has the most projected face and largest jawline? |
Africans |
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Which ethnic group has the least project face with smallest jawlines? |
Caucasians |
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Which ethnic groups have narrow faces? |
Africans & Caucasians |
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Which ethnic group has wide faces? |
Oriental |
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Which ethnic group has a projected lower border of the eye? |
Oriental |
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What shape is the eye orbit in Orientals? |
Circular |
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What shape is the eye orbit in Africans? |
Rectangular |
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What shape is the eye orbit in Caucasians? |
Angular (Like aviators) |
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What vault characteristics can be used to distinguish between the 3 main ethnic groups? |
Brow ridges Muscle markings Sutures Sagittal contour Post coronal area |
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The brow ridges and muscle markings of what ethnic group are the most pronounced? |
Caucasians |
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Which ethnic group has the most complex structure? |
Orientals |
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What are wormian bones and what ethnic group has them? |
Accessory bones of the lambdoid structure, found in Orientals. |
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Which ethnic group has a slightly concave area behind the bregma? |
Africans |
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Which ethnic group has teeth too large for their jaws, causing crowding? |
Caucasians |
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Which ethnic groups have both large teeth and concomitantly large jaws? |
Oriental & African (they can have an extra tooth!) |
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Which ethnic group has a parabolic arch? |
Caucasians |
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Which ethnic group has a rounded arch? |
Oriental |
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Which ethnic group has a rectangular (hyperbolic) arch? |
Africans |
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Which group can be distinguished by their shovel-shaped incisors? |
Oriental |
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Is postcranial analysis common? |
No, only the femur offers any more insight. |
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In what ethnic group is the femur straight? |
Africans |
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In what ethnic group is the femur anteriorly curved? |
Caucasians & Orientals |
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What is torsion? |
When the femur is laid flat on its posterior side, the axis of the femoral head and neck has a tendency to angle up |
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In which ethnic groups is torsion found in? |
Majorly in Native Americans, minor cases in Caucasians and Africans. |
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What is craniometrics? |
Measuring the size of the cranium- high failure rate, only used for determining the main ethnic group. |
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Extensions of the enamel are found in what ethnic group? |
Oriental |
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In what sex is the greater sciatic notch more spacious and wider? |
females |
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What is the subpubic angle in males? females? |
90 degree angle in males, a "U" shape in females |
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what shape is the inlet/outlet in males? females? |
in males it's a heart, in females it's a circle |
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Thepreauricular sulcus is wide and well developed in what sex? |
females |
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Who developeda chart for aging based on the emergence and formation of teeth for differentages? |
Schour & Massler (1941) |
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What are fontanelles? |
gaps where ossification occurs during the first few years of human development. |
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When do Thesphenoid and mastoid fontanelles close |
soon after birth |
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when do the occipitalfontanelle close? |
during the first year |
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When does thefrontal fontanelle close? |
during the second year |
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Are these methods for sexing individuals under 18 years of age accurate to use in forensics? |
NO |
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When do the right and left half of the mandible join by? |
the second year |
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when do the right and left frontal halves close by? |
the second year- but 10% of individuals remain open |
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Thehalves of the atlas unite posteriorly when? |
the 3rd year |
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thehalves of the atlas unite anteriorly when? |
the 6th year |
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when does the axis close? |
the 3rd and 4th year |
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The length of the _____ is useful for aging within the first 10 years of development. |
the femur |
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How many Epiphyses do long bones have? |
2 on each end |
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How many Epiphyses on the femur? |
4 |
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How many Epiphyses on the first 10 ribs? |
2 |
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how many Epiphyses on the metacarpals and metatarsals? |
1 |
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how many Epiphyses on the bottom 22 vertabrae |
5 |
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What do you look for in adult pubic symphysis? |
Boneof the pubic face Ventral and dorsal margins Upper and lowerextremities Ossific nodules |
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List these pubic face characteristics from young to old: Ridgesand furrows furrows filling in furrows almost gone flat with fine-texturedbone pitted and eroded |
Ridges and furrows furrows filling in furrows almost gone flat with fine-textured bone pitted and eroded |
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What's the difference between a young and old dorsal margin? |
the young has no plateau, the old does. |
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what are ossific nodules? |
“blobs” of bone that can be seen in early adulthood |
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how is a rim formed? |
formed by the appearance of both the upper and lower extremities, as well as ventral and dorsal margins. |
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what is lipping? |
as age progresses, both the ventral and dorsal margins begin to curl outward,forming distinct lips. |
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what are the 4 stages of ectocranial closure? |
open minimal significant obliteration |
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how many sutures are in the superior half of the endocranial suture? |
3 |
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what are the age parameters for the 3 broad areas of adulthood? |
Early( 20-34 years of age) Middle (35 to 49 years of age) Late (50 years and over) |
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what are the 4 sites on the palatal suture that can be observed for determining age at death? |
incisive suture (IN) median palatine (AMP,PMP) transverse palatine (TP) |
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Forcethat pulls on bone, usually along its long axis, with sufficient energy tocause a break. |
Tension |
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Pushing down on bone, causing discontinuousand/or fracture lines. |
compression |
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Twistingforces (most common in accidents). |
torsion |
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Forcethat impacts the side of a structure at approx. right angles to its long axis,causing a break through its cross region. |
bending |
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Forcesimilar to bending, but it involves the immobilization of one segment of thebone. |
Shearing |
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Relatively low velocity impact over a relatively broad area |
blunt trauma |
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Usually results from either compression/shearingforces applied dynamically over a narrow focus. Caused by an implement with apoint or edge. |
sharp trauma |
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Projectilesimpacting on bone; generally complete discontinues with both displacement andfracture lines. |
projectile trauma |
