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458 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
the gonads produce sex cells, or ______ and secrete ______
|
gametes
steroid (sex) hormones |
|
what are the accessory reproductive organs
|
ducts
glands external genitalia |
|
a sperm and egg fuse to form a _____
|
zygote
|
|
______ = the first cell of a new individual from which all body cells will arise
|
zygote
|
|
________ = sex hormones in males
|
androgens
|
|
________= sex hormones in females
|
estrogen
progesterone |
|
path of sperm from the testes
|
testes
epididymis ductus deferens ejaculatory duct urethra |
|
what are the accessory sex glands in males
|
seminal glands
prostate bulbourethral |
|
the _______ divides the testes
|
septum
|
|
the scrotum provides a temperature of ______ degrees lower than core body temp
|
3
|
|
the ______ muscle wrinkles the scrotal skin
|
dartos
|
|
the dartos muscle is located in the _______ of the scrotum
|
superficial fascia
|
|
the ______ muscles are bands of skeletal muscle that elevate the testes
|
cremaster
|
|
the cremaster muscles arise from the _______ muscles
|
internal oblique
|
|
the testes are surrounded by 2 tunics:
|
tunica vaginalis
tunica albuginea |
|
outer tunic of the testes is the ____
|
tunica vaginalis
|
|
what ________ is the fibrous capsule of the testis
|
tunica albuginea
|
|
septa extending inward from the tunica albuginea divide the testis into about 350 wedge shaped ______
|
lobules
|
|
each lobule of the testes contains 4 tightly coiled _____
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
______ = "sperm factories"
|
seminiferous tubules
|
|
seminiferous tubules consist of epithelium containing ______ and ______ cells
|
spermatogenic cells
sustentocytes |
|
surounding each seminiferous tubule are 3-5 layers of smooth-muscle like ______ cells
|
myoid
|
|
______ cells help squeeze sperm and testicular fluid through the tubules and out of the testes
|
myoid
|
|
the seminiferous tubules of each lobule converge to form a _____________ that convey sperm into the _____
|
straight tubule
rete testis |
|
_______= a tubular network on the posterior testes that go through here before efferent ductules
|
rete testis
|
|
the sperm leave the rete testes through the _______and enter the _______
|
efferent ductules
epididymis |
|
three parts of the epididymis
|
head
body tail |
|
immature sperm are are stored in the _____ of the ______ until ejaculation
|
tail
epididymis |
|
_______ cells lie in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules
|
leydig cells
|
|
_______ cells produce androgens, most importantly ____
|
leydig
testosterone |
|
leydig cells secrete hormones into the _____
|
interstitial fluid
|
|
testicular arteries and veins arise from a network called _______ that surrounds the scrotum to keep the temperature right
|
pampiniform plexus
|
|
function of the penis
|
deliver sperm into female reproductive tract
|
|
the penis and scrotum hand from the _______
|
perineum
|
|
_______ = enlarged tip of the penis
|
glans penis
|
|
loose skin covering the penis is called the _______ which is usally removed
|
prepuce
|
|
the midventral erectile body is called the ________ that surrounds the urethra
|
corpus songiosum
|
|
the root of the penis is called the _________
|
bulb of the penis
|
|
the muscle that covers the bulb of the penis is called the ______ and secures it to the _______
|
bulbospongiosus
urogenital diaphragm |
|
the paired dorsal erectile bodies are called the _________ that make up most of the penis
|
corpora cavernosa
|
|
the two corpora cavernosa are bound by the ____
|
fibrous tunica albuginea
|
|
the proximal ends of the corpora cavernosa form the ______ of the penis
|
crura
|
|
each crura is surounded by an _______ muscle and anchors to the _______
|
ischiocavernosus muscle
pubic arch of the bony pelvis |
|
describe erectile tissue
|
dense fibrous connective tissue and smooth muscle riddled with vascular spaces that fill with blood
|
|
name the accesory ducts of the penis in order from proximal to distal
|
epididymis
ductus deferens ejaculatory duct urethra |
|
describe the tissue of the epididymis
|
pseudostratified epithelial
nonmotile microvilli |
|
what does the microvilli of the epididymis do
|
absorb excess tesituclar fluid
pass nutrients to sperm stored in lumen |
|
fluid of the epididymis contain _______, most importantly ___
|
antimicrobial proteins
defensins |
|
the trip from the testes to the epididymis takes about _______ and what happens during this trip
|
20
gain ability to swim |
|
sperm is moved through the vas deferens by _____
|
peristalsis
|
|
the vas deferens connects the _____ to the ____
|
epididymis
ejaculatory duct |
|
three regions of the male urethra
|
prostatic
membranous spongy |
|
what are the accessory glands of the male reproductive system
|
paired seminal glands
paired bulbo-urethral prostate |
|
what does semen contain
|
sperm
testicular fluid accessory gland secretions |
|
______ lie on the posterior bladder surface
|
seminal vesicles
|
|
what does the seminal vesicle contain
|
fibrous capsule that enclosed a thick layer of smooth muscle that contacts during ejaculation to empty the gland
|
|
seminal gland is made up of _______ epithelium
|
pseudostratified columnar
|
|
seminal vesicles secretion:
|
yellowish viscous alkaline fluid containing
fructose sugar citric acid coagulating enzyme vesiculase prostaglandins |
|
the yellow color of the seminal fluid is due to:
|
a yellow pigment that fluorecses under UV light
|
|
_____ and _____ mix in the ejaculatory duct and enter the _______ together during ejaculation
|
sperm
seminal fluid prostatic urethra |
|
seminal gland secretion accounts for _____% of the volume of semen
|
70
|
|
role of prostatic secretion and what does it contain
|
activates sperm
milky slightly acidic contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
|
prostatic secretion accounts for ____% of the semen volume
|
30
|
|
______ is the second most cmmon cause of cancer in men
|
prostate
|
|
what is the function of bulbourethral secretion
|
lubricates the glans penis
mucus neutralizes traces of acidic urine and lubricates the urethra prior to ejactulation |
|
the _____ from the seminal gland secretion provides all fuel needed for sperm ATP synthesis
|
fructose
|
|
______ decrease the viscosity of the mucus guarding the entry of the uterus
|
prostaglandins
|
|
the hormon ______ in semen enhance sperm motiliy
|
relaxin
|
|
pH of semen
|
7.2-8
|
|
what is the amount of semen propelled during ejaculation
|
2-5mL - 10% sperm (20-150 million sperm per mL)
|
|
what are the chief phases of male sexual response
|
erection of the penis
ejaculation |
|
sexual excitement triggers a _______ reflex that promotes the release of _____ locally
|
parasympathetic
nitric oxide |
|
role of NO on erection
|
relaxes smooth muscle in blood vessel walls - dilating arterioles and allowing to fill with blood
|
|
how does blood not come out of penis during erection
|
enlargement of the corpus cavernosa compresses drainage veins - maintianing engorgement
|
|
role of corpus spongiosum during erection
|
keep the urethra open during ejaculation
|
|
bulbourethral glands are under ______ control in lubritcating the glans penis
|
parasympathetic
|
|
ejaculation is under _______ control
|
sympathetic
|
|
what are the 3 responses required for ejaculation
|
1. the bladder sphincter muscle constricts, preventing expulsion of urine or reflux of semen into the bladder
2. the reproductive ducts and accessory glands contract, emptying their contents into urethra 3. semen in the urethra triggers a spinal reflex through somatic motor neurons |
|
speed of ejactulation
|
11mph
|
|
what causes Erectile Dysfunction to occur
|
parasympathetic nerves do not release enough NO
|
|
what are the lifestyle factors of ED
|
psychological factors
alcohol drugs diabetes mellitus arteriosclerosis nervous system |
|
diploid is the chromosomal number in ___ cells
|
body
|
|
haploid is the chromosomal number in ____ cells
|
gamete
|
|
number of chromosomes in body cells
|
46
|
|
number of chromosomes in gametes
|
23
|
|
what cellular event must take place before meiosis can begin
|
one round of DNA replication resulting in 4 daughter cells - each with half as many chromosomes as body cells
|
|
why is meiosis I called the reduction division
|
reduces the chromosome number from 2n to n
|
|
prophase I of meiosis I
|
replicated chromosomes seek out their homologous partners and pair up with them - takes place a discrete spots - called synapsis
|
|
synapsis forms:
|
4 little groups of 4 chromatids called tetrads
|
|
during synapsis, a second unique event called _____ happens
|
crossover
|
|
what happens during crossover
|
form within each tetrad - pairs maternal and paternal chromosomes to exchange genetic material
|
|
______ accounts for 90% of the total period of meiosis
|
Prophase I
|
|
what happens during metaphase I of meiosis I
|
tetrads line up randomly at spindle equator so either the paternal or maternal chromosome can be on a given side
|
|
meiosis I results in: (2)
|
1. two copies of one member of each homologous pair either parternal or maternal and none of the other
2. A haploid chromosomal number, but twice the amount of DNA in each chromo |
|
how many cells are produced by meiosis I, know the chromosome number
|
2
2n |
|
why is meiosis II called the equational divison of meosis
|
bc the chromatids are distributed equally to the daughter cells
|
|
what are the two important tasks of meosis
|
1. reduces the chromosomal number by half
2. introduced genetic variability |
|
how many cells are produced by meiosis II? know chromosome number
|
4
n |
|
fate of type A daughter cell in spermatogenesis
|
remains at basal lamina to maintain the pool of dividing germ cells
|
|
fate of type B daughter cell in spermatogenesis
|
pushed toward lumen where becomes primary spermatocyte
|
|
one primary spermatocyte forms:
|
4 sperm
|
|
where does spermatogenesis take place
|
outermost tubule cells in direct contact with epitherlial basal lamina
|
|
explain spermatocytes to spermatids
|
spermatocyte -> meiosis I -> 2 seconday spermatocytes -> meiosis II -> 4 spermatids
|
|
spermiogenesis is _____ to ______
|
spermatids to sperm
|
|
each spermatid is has the chromosomal number ___
|
n
|
|
what happens during spermiogenesis
|
spermatid elongates
sheds excess cytoplasmic baggage forms tail |
|
sperm is also called ____
|
spermatozoa
|
|
three parts of sperm
|
head
midpeice tail |
|
what does the head of the sperm contain
|
flattened nucleus of compacted DNA
acrosome sits ontop of the nucleus containing hydrolytic enzymes that help penetration |
|
what is the function of the sperm midpiece
|
mitochondiea spiraled around microtubules of the tail
|
|
during spermatogenesis, nonreplicating supporting cells called _____ or _____ are formed
|
sertoli
sustentocytes |
|
sertoli cells extend from the ____ to the _____
|
basal lamina
tubule lumen |
|
sustentocytes are bound to each other by _______ and divide the ______
|
tight junctions
seminiferous tubule |
|
the seminiferous tubule is divided into ______ and _____ by sustentocytes
|
basal
adluminal |
|
the _____ compartment of the seminiferous tubule contains meiotically active cells
|
adluminal
|
|
the tight junctions between the sustentocytes form the ______
|
blood testis barrier
|
|
the blood testis barrier prevents:
|
membrane antigens of sperm from escaping = would activate immune system
|
|
functions of sustentocytes (5)
|
1. provide nutrients and essential signals to the dividin cells - live or die
2. move the cells along the lumen 3. secrete testicular fluid - provides the transport medium for sperm in the lumen 4. phagocitize faulty germ cells 5. product chemical mediators that help regulate spermatogenesis |
|
what are the chemical mediators that regulate spermatogenesis
|
inhibin
androgen-binding protein |
|
the _______ regulates the production of gametes and sex hormones
|
hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis
(HPG) |
|
explain the sequence of events involving the HPG axis
|
1. hypothalamus released GnRH - releases FSH and LH from anterior pituitary
2. FSH stimulates spermatogenesis by stimulating the sustentocytes to release androgen binding protein - keeps conc of testosterone high 3. LH binds to interstitial endocrone cells surrounding seminiferous toubules - secrete testosterone -> spermatogenesis 4. testosterone stimulates maturation of sex organds, ddevelopment and maintenance of secondary sex characteristics, and sex drive 5. raising levels of testosterone cause inhibit GnRH and inhibit gonadotropin release |
|
hormones that regulate the HPG axis
|
GnRH
FSH LH testosterone |
|
testosterone is synthesized from ___
|
cholesterol
|
|
estrogen and progesterone are produced in _____
|
ovary
|
|
what are the female accessory ducts
|
uterine tubes
uterus vagina |
|
what are the ligaments in the female reproductive system
|
ovarian
suspensory broad |
|
_______ anchors the ovary medially to the uterus
|
ovarian ligament
|
|
________ anchors the ovary laterally to the pelvic wall
|
suspensory ligament
|
|
________ suspends the ovary inbetween the ovarian and suspensory ligaments
|
mesovarium
|
|
the suspensory ligamenta nd the mesovarium are part of the ______, a peritoneal fold that tents over the uterus
|
broad ligament
|
|
the _______ encloses the ovarian ligaments
|
broad ligament
|
|
the ovarian blood essels reach the ocaries by traveling through the _______ and _____
|
suspensory ligaments
mesovariua |
|
each ovary is surrounded externally by a fibrous _________
|
tunica albuginea
|
|
the tunica albuginea of the ovaries are covered by a layer of _______ epithelial cells called the ______
|
cuboidal
germinal epithelium |
|
embedded in the ovary cortex are sac like structures called __________
|
ovarian follicles
|
|
each ovarian follicle contains _______
|
an immature egg called an oocyte
|
|
the cells surrounding the oocyte are called ______ if a single layer, and _______ if more than one layer
|
follicle
granulosa |
|
single layer of follicle cells surrounding an oocyte is called a _____
|
primordial follicle
|
|
the fully mature follicle can be called three things:
|
vesicular
antral tertiary |
|
fully mature follicles have a central fluid-filled cavity called an ______
|
antrum
|
|
describe a mature follicle
|
extends from the deepest part of the ovarian cortex
bulges from the surface of the ovary oocyte sits on a stalk of granulosa cells at one side of the antrum |
|
_______ = the event when the follicle ejects its oocyte from the ovary
|
ovulation
|
|
after ovulation, the follicle is transformed into a ______ that is eventually degenerated
|
corpus luteum
|
|
the _______ receive the ovulated oocyte and are the site where fertilization occurs
|
uterine tubes
|
|
the ______ connects the uterine tube and the uterus
|
isthmus
|
|
the distal end of each uterine tube expands as it curves around the ovary, this is known as the ____
|
ampulla
|
|
the ampulla of the uterine tube ends in the ______
|
infundibulum
|
|
______ = an open funnel shaped structure with ciliated fingerlike projections called fimbrae
|
infundibulum
|
|
the _______ on the fimbriae create currents in the peritoneal fluid that carry the oocyte into the uterine tube
|
cilia
|
|
the oocyte is carried toward the uterus by a combination of _____ and _____
|
peristalsis
beating cilia |
|
nonciliated cells of the mucosa in the uterine tubes contain _______ that produce secretion that keeps the oocyte moist and nourished
|
dense microvilli
|
|
the uterine tubes are covered by ______ and supported by a short mesentery called _____
|
peritoneum
mesoalpinx |
|
_______ = inflammation in the reproductive tract that can cause scarring of the uterine tubes and ovaries resulting in sterility
|
pelvic inflammatory disease
|
|
the ______ receives, retains, and nourishes a fertilized ovum
|
uterus
|
|
three parts of the uterus
|
body
fundus cervix |
|
the _____ is the part of the uterus that projects into the vagina
|
cervix
|
|
the cavity of the cervix is called the _______ that communicates with the vagina via the ______ and with the uterine body via the _____
|
cervical canal
external s internal os |
|
the mucosa of the cervical canal contains _______ that secrete a mucus that blocks the spread of bacteria from the vagina into the uterus
|
cervical glands
|
|
________ blocks sperm entry except at the midcycle when it becomes less viscous
|
cervical mucous
|
|
the uterus is supported laterally via a part of the broad ligament called the _____
|
mesometrium
|
|
the _______ extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral walls of the pelvis
|
cardinal ligaments
|
|
the _______ secure the uterus to the sacrum posteriorly
|
uterosacral
|
|
the condition where the muscles tear during childbirth and the uterus sinks until the tip of the cervix protrudes through the external vaginal opening
|
prolapse of the uterus
|
|
blind ended peritoneal pouch between the bladder and uterus
|
vesicouterine pouch
|
|
blind ended peritoneal pouch between the retcum and uterus
|
rectouterine pouch
|
|
three layers of the uterine wall
|
perimetrium
myometrium endometrium |
|
the _____ = layer of the uterine wall that contains muscle that contracts during child birth
|
myometrium
|
|
if fertilization occurs, the embryo is implanted into the _______ for the rest of development
|
endometrium
|
|
the endometrium has two chief layers:
|
stratum functionalis
stratum basalis |
|
the ________ layer of the endometrium undergoes cycle changes in response to blood levels of ovarian hormones
|
stratum functionalis
|
|
the _______ layer is shed during mestruation
|
stratum functionalis
|
|
the _______ layer of the endometrium contains glands and forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation ends
|
stratum basalis
|
|
the uterine arteries arise from the ________ arteries
|
internal iliac
|
|
the uterine arteries break into ____ and ____ arteries into the endometrium
|
arcuate
radial |
|
the vascularization of the straum basalis is called the _____ arteries; _______ is in the functionalis
|
straight
spiral |
|
the wall of the vagina has three layers:
|
fibroelastic adventita
muscularis inner mucosa |
|
the inner mucosa of the vagina is marked by ______ that stimulate the penis during intercourse
|
rugae
|
|
the mucosa of the vagina is made up of _____ epithelium
|
stratified squamous
|
|
________ are present in the mucosa of the vagina and act as antigen presenting cels
|
dendritic
|
|
the ________ are thought to provide the route of HIV transmission during intercourse
|
dendritic cells
|
|
the ____ breaks during the first sexual intercourse
|
hymen
|
|
the vagina is very acidic due to:
|
epithelial cells release glycogen which is metabolized to lactic acid by the resident bacteria
|
|
what are the structures of the external genitalia
|
mons pubis
labia clitoris vestibule |
|
________ = rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis that is covered with hair during puberty
|
mons pubis
|
|
outer skin folds of the vagina
inner skin folds |
labia majora
labia minora |
|
labia minora enclose the _______ that contain the external openings of the urethra and vagina
|
vestibule
|
|
the vaginal opening contain glands called ________ that release mucus into the vestibule for lubrication
|
greater vestibular glands
|
|
the vestibule and the labia minora come together to form a ridge called the _____
|
fourchette
|
|
anterior to the vestibule is the _____ = small protruding structure composed of erectile tissue
|
clitoris
|
|
the exposed portion of the clitoris is called the _______ and is hooded by a skin fold called the ______
|
glans of the clitoris
prepuce of the clitoris |
|
the _______ of the clitoris has dorsal erectile columns that become swollen with blood
|
body
|
|
the ______ , in females become engorged with blood and help the vagina grip the penis, and shuts off the ________ which prevents semen from getting into the bladder during intercourse
|
bulbs of the vestibule
urethral orifice |
|
fxnmammary glands are modified ________ and are part of the _______ system
|
sweat glands
integumentary |
|
the mammary glands are located within the _____ of the breast
|
hypodermis
|
|
_________ make te areola slightly bumpy and produce sebum
|
large sebaceous glands
|
|
_______ attach the breast to the muscle fascia and dermis
|
suspensory ligaments
|
|
________ within the lobules of the mammary glands produce milk
|
alveoli
|
|
alvolar glands pass the milk into the ______ that open to the outside of the nipple
|
lactiferous ducts
|
|
_______ = production of female sex cells
|
oogenesis
|
|
explain oogenesis
|
1. diploid stem cells multiply rapidly by mitosis
2. primordial follicles PUBERTY 3. primary oocytes - surrounded by follicle cells |
|
at puberty, _____ rescuses a small number of growing follicles each month
|
FSH
|
|
in each cycle, one of the rescued follicles is selected to become the ______ and continue to _____
|
dominant follicle
meiosis I |
|
following meiosis I, two haploid cells are produced - 1 large and 1 small
large cell = ______ smalled cell ________ |
small - first polar body
large - secondary oocyte |
|
following oogenesis, the ______ becomes ovulated
|
secondary oocyte
|
|
what happens to polar bodys after oogenesis
|
they degenerate
|
|
if no ovulation what happens to the secondary oocyte
|
become a corpus luteum and degenerates
|
|
if ovulation happens what happens to the secondary oocyte
|
if sperm penetrates goes into meiosis II
|
|
two phases of the ovarian cycle
|
follicular
luteal |
|
_______ = period when the dominant follicle is selected and beings to secrete large amounts of estrogen
|
follicular phase
|
|
how long does the follicular phase last
|
2 weeks: day 1 - 14
|
|
at what point of the follicular phase does ovulation begin
|
usually at the 14th day
|
|
______ = period of corpus luteum activity
|
luteal phase
|
|
what days are the luteal phase
|
14-28
|
|
the ______ phase of the ovarian cycle is always the same in every person
|
luteal - 14 days
|
|
name the 6 events of the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle - state the stage of oogenesis for each
|
1. primordial follicle becomes primary follicle - 1 year before ovulation
2. primary follicle becomes secondary follicle 3. secondary follicle - late secondary follicle 4. late secondary becomes vesicular follicle 5. ovulation 6. luteal phase |
|
two phases of the follicular phase - what happens
|
1. gonadotropin preantral phase - intrafollicular paracrines (cytokines and growth factors) control oocyte and follicle development
2. antral phase - directed by FSH and LH - activated follicles grow and primary oocyte in dominant follicle resumes meiosis I |
|
in the late secondary follicle stage, _______ forms by connective tissue and epithelial cells
|
theca folliculi
|
|
as the follicle grows,the thecal and granulosa cells cooperate to produce _______
|
estrogens
|
|
in response to LH, the inner thecal cells produce _______ which the granulosa cells convert to _____
|
androgens
estrogens |
|
late secondary follicle - oocyte secretes a glycoprotein rich substance that forms a thick transparent extracellular layer called the ______
|
zona pellucida
|
|
no pregnancy -> corpus luteum -> degenerates -> remains is a scar called a ______
|
corpus albicans
|
|
the last two or three days of the luteal phase where the endometrium starts to erode - this is called +_____
|
luteolytic phase
|
|
which hormones interact to produce the cyclic events in the ovaries
|
GnRH
pituitary gonadotropins estrogen progesterone |
|
______ plays an important role on stimulating the hypothalamus to release GnRH
|
leptin
|
|
leptin is directly linked to the amount of ______
|
adipose tissue
|
|
________ inhibit the hypothalamic release of GnRH
|
estrogens
|
|
GnRH stimulates the release of ____ and _____ which prompts the ovaries to secrete hormones
|
LH FSh
|
|
first menstrual period is known as _____
|
menarche
|
|
menstrual cycles usually take _____ years to become regulatory
|
3
|
|
surge of _____ triggers ovulation and formation of the corpus luteum
|
LH
|
|
_______ released by granulosa cells, exerts negative feedback on FSH release
|
inhibin
|
|
what happens when inhibit stops FSH release
|
only the dominant follicle survives
|
|
main function of FSH
|
graulosa cells of late secondary and vesicular follicles - causes them to release estrogens
|
|
main fxn of LH
|
prods the thecal cells to release adrogens
|
|
granulosa cells convert LH and FSH to _____
|
estrogens
|
|
as estrogen levels rise, they inhibit the release of ____ and ____
|
FSH
LH |
|
the _______ causes the primary oocyte to move from is resting state and it completes the first meiotic division
|
LH surge
|
|
mestruation lasts ______
|
3-5 days
|
|
during menstruation what is happening with ovarian hormones
|
at their lowest
|
|
what happens in the proliferative phase of menstruation
|
endometrium rebuilds itself - under the influence of rising blood levels of estrogens - induce endometrial cells to synthesize progesterone receptors
|
|
what happens to the cervix during proliferative phase of mestruation
|
mucus becomes thin due to rising estrogen levels - form channels that facilitate sperm passage to the uterus
|
|
______ occurs at the end of the proliferative stage (day 14)
|
ovulation
|
|
ovulation occurs in response to:
|
sudden release of LH from the anterior pituitary
|
|
the secretory phase is also known as the ______ phase
|
postovulatory
|
|
how long is the secretory phase
|
14 days
|
|
which phase is the most constant
|
secretory
|
|
what happens during the secretory phase
|
endometrium prepares for an embryo to implant
1. rising levels of progesterone from the corpus luteum act on the endometrium 2. causes spiral arteries to elaborate - converts the functional layer to a secretory mucosa 3. endometrial glands enlarge, coil and secrete nutrients into the uterine cavity that sustains the embryo until it has implanted in the lining |
|
as progesterone levels rise, what happens to the cervix
|
mucus becomes viscous - forming the cervical plug - block entry of sperm and pathogens
|
|
rising _____ levels inhibit LH release
|
progesterone
|
|
if fertilization has no occured, the corpus luteum degenerates and ______ levels decline
|
LH
|
|
two main fxns of estrogen
|
1. promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovary
2. exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract |
|
what are the estrogen-induced secondary sex characteristics
|
breast development
increasing deposition of subcutaneous fat - hips and breast especially development of a wider and lighter pelvis |
|
metabolic effects of estrogens
|
maintaining low total blood cholesterol levels
calcium uptake |
|
______ is an androgen produced by the adrenal cortex that associates the male desire in females
|
DHEA
|
|
causitive agent of gonorrhea
|
neisseria gonorrhoeae
|
|
_______ invades the mucosae of the reproductive and urinary tracts
|
gonorrhea
|
|
symptoms of gonorrhea in males
|
inflammation of the urethra
painful urination discharge of pus |
|
symptoms of gonorrhea in women
|
abdominal discomfort
vaginal discharge abnormal uterine bleeding |
|
what happens with untreated gonorrhea in males and females
|
males - urethral constriction and inflammation of duct system
females - pelvic inflammatory disease, sterility |
|
what is the antibiotic used to treat gonorrhea
|
ceftriaxone
|
|
_____ is caused by the bacteria treponema pallidum
|
syphillis
|
|
_____ can be contracted from an infected mother and usually causes death in infants
|
syphilis
|
|
incubation period of syphilis
|
2-3 weeks
|
|
what is the first sign of syphilis
|
red, painless lesion called a chancre appears at the site of bacterial invasion
|
|
if syphilis is untreated, what are the secondary signs that appear several weeks later
|
pink skin rash all over the body
fever joint pain |
|
what is after the secondary phase of syphilis
|
latent period - detectable only by a blood test
|
|
tertiary syphilis is known as _______
|
gummas
|
|
what are the symptoms of gummas
|
destructive lesions of the CNS, blood vessels, bones, and skin
|
|
______ is the treatment of choice for all stages of syphilis
|
penicillin
|
|
______ is the largely undiagnosed silent epidemic on college campuses
|
chlamydia
|
|
_______ is the most common bacterial STD
|
chalmydia
|
|
______ is responsible for 20-50% of diagnosed pelvic inflammatory disease
|
chlamydia
|
|
______ is the bacteria causing chlamydia
|
chlamydia trachomatis
|
|
incubation period of chlamydia
|
1 week
|
|
symptoms of chlamydia
|
urethritis - painful urination, discharge
vaginal discharge abdominal, rectal, testicular pain painful intercourse irregular mestration URI |
|
_____% of women with chlamydia have no symptoms
|
80%
|
|
newborns infected by chlamydia in the birth canal develop ______ and ___
|
conjunctivitis - eye infection
pneumonia |
|
chlamydia is treated with ________
|
tetracycline
|
|
________ is the more common curable STI in sexually active women
|
trichomoniasis
|
|
_______ is indicated by yellow-green vaginal discharge with a strong odor
|
trichomoniasis
|
|
genital herpes is caused by the ________ virus
|
herpes simplex 2
|
|
only about _____% of the population displays signs of genital herpes
|
15
|
|
the antiviral drug ______ helps lesions of genital herpes heal and reduces the frequency of flare ups
|
acyclovir
|
|
the _______ gene is the master switch that decides gender
|
SRY
|
|
________ when meiosis distributes the sex chromosomes to the gametes improperly
|
nondisjunction
|
|
females with a single X chromosome is known as ____
|
turners syndrome
|
|
what happns with turners syndrome
|
females never dvelop ovaries
|
|
________ most common sex chromosome abnormality in males
|
klinefelters syndrome
|
|
what happens in klinefelters syndrome
|
males have Y and two or more X chromosomes = sterile
|
|
what happens to males with only a Y chromosome
|
dies during embryonic development
|
|
gonads develop at week 5 and from the _____
|
masses of mesoderm called gonadal ridges
|
|
________ causes the descent of the gonads and the migration is guided by a cord called the ______
|
testosterone
gubernaculum |
|
_______ is the time frame from last period to birth
|
gestation (280 days)
|
|
_______ to _______ weeks is called embryo
|
1-8
|
|
______ to ______ weeks is called fetus
|
9-birth
|
|
why do very little sperm reach the oocyte
|
sperm leak from the vagina
destroyed by acidic environment fail to make it through the cervix forceful uterine contraction - disperse them destroyed by resident phagocytes |
|
before the sperm can penetrate an oocyte they must first be ______
|
capacitated
|
|
what happens when sperm are capacitated
|
in the vagina - motility enhanced and membranes become fragile so the enzymes in their acrosome can be released
|
|
how do sperm navigate to the oocyte
|
contain smell receptors that respond to chemical stimuli
|
|
what are the steps of sperm penetration
|
after breaching corona - sperm head binds to a ZP3 glycoprotein of the zona pellucida -> opens the calcium channels that triggers the acrosomal reaction
|
|
what is the acrosomal reaction
|
release of acrosomal enzymes that digest holes through the zona pellucida
|
|
what are the events after the acrosomal reaction
|
oocyte forms microvilli that surround the sperm head and the membranes of sperm and oocyte fuse - contents enter the oocyte leaving the sperms plasma membrane behind - creating a single membrane
|
|
what happens to ensure only one sperm enters the oocyte
|
waves of Calcium are released by endoplasmic reticulum which activates the oocyte to prepare for the second meiotic division
also causes the cortical reaction |
|
what is the cortical reaction
|
granules in the plasma membrane spill their enzymes called zonal inhibiting protiens ZIP - destroy the sperm receptors and prevent sperm from entering
|
|
what is the true moment of fertilization
|
maternal and paternal chromosomes combine and produce a zygote
|
|
________ is a period of fairly rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote without intervening growth
|
cleavage
|
|
what is the goal of cleavage
|
produce small cells with a high-surface to volume ratio -> enhances their uptake of nutrients and oxygen and the disposal of wastes
|
|
______ hours after fertilization, the first cleavage division of the zygote has produced to identical cells called _______
|
36
blastomeres |
|
two identical blastomeres divide to produce a cluster of cells called a _______
|
morula
|
|
what happens 4-5 days after fertilization
|
embryo consists of about 100 cells and begins accumulating fluid within an internal cavity and floats free in the uterus
zona pellucida begins to break down |
|
what happens to the embryo when the zona pellucida breaks down
|
becomes a blastocyst
|
|
blastocysts are fluid filled hollow sphere composed of a single layer of large flattened cells called _____ and a small cluster of 20-30 rounded cells called the ______
|
trophoblast cells
inner cell mass |
|
after the blastocyst forms, trophoblast cells begin to display _______ molecules on their surface and they take part in:
|
L-selectin adhesion
placenta formation and secrete immunosuppressive effects that protect the trophoblast from being attacked by the mother cells |
|
the inner cell mass becomes the ________ which forms the embryo proper
|
embryonic disc
|
|
what is the fourth embryonic membrane called
|
chorion
|
|
while the blastocyst floats in the uterine cavity for 2-3 days, it is nourished by the:
|
glycoprotein-rich uterine secretions that contain steroids and various nutrients including iron and fat soluble vitamins
|
|
6-7 days after ovulation, given a properly prepared endometrium, ______ begins
|
implantation
|
|
the receptivity of the endometrium to implantation is called the _________ which is opened by the:
|
window of implantation
surging levels of ovarian hormones in the blood |
|
if the mucosa is properly prepared for implantation, _____ and _____ proteins on the trophoblast cells bind to the extracellular matrix components: (3) of the endometrial cells
|
integrin and selectin
collagen, fibronectin, laminin |
|
the trophoblast proliferates to form two distinct layers: the inner layer is called the ______ and the outerlayer is called the _____
|
cellular trophoblast
syncytial trophoblast |
|
implantation takes about _____ days and is usually completed by the ____ day of ovulation
|
5
12th day |
|
viability of the corpus luteum is maintained by a hormone called _______ secreted by the _____
|
hCG
trophoblast cells |
|
hCG overrides ______ controls and prompts the corpus luterum to continue secreting progesterone and estrogen
|
hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian
|
|
_______ is an extraembryonic membrane that that develops from the trophoblast after implantation, this continues the hormonal stumulus from hCG
|
chorion
|
|
hCG is detectable in the mothers blood _____ (time) after fertilization
|
1 week
|
|
blood levels of hCG decline sharply to a low value at ________ (time)
|
4 months
|
|
between the second and the third month of implantation, the ______ assumes the role of progesterone and estrogen and the _________ degenerates
|
placenta
corpus luteum |
|
all pregnancy tests for _____ in a womans blood or urine
|
hCG
|
|
what is the role of the placenta
|
provides nutrients and oxygen
carries away metabolic wastes |
|
_______ = a temporary organ that originates from embryonic material and maternal tissues - provides nutrients and oxygen to embryo
|
placenta
|
|
cells from the inner cell mass give rise to a layer of ________ that lines the inner surface of the _____
|
embryonic mesoderm
trophoblast |
|
the emrbyonic mesoderm and trophoblast become the ______
|
chorion
|
|
the chorion forms _______ that are invaded by embryonic blood vessels
|
chorionic villi
|
|
the chorionic villi extend to the embryo as the _________ and ______
|
umbilical arteries and vein
|
|
the chorionic villi produce large, blood-filled ________ in the stratum functionalis of the endometrium
|
lacunae
|
|
the chorionic villi lie in the ______ that are immersed in maternal blood
|
lacunae
|
|
the part of the endometrium that lies beneath the embry becomes the _______, and the embryo forms the _______
|
decidua basalis
decidua capsularis |
|
_______ + _______ = placenta
|
decidua basalis
chorionic villi |
|
when is the placenta fully functional
|
3 months
|
|
blastocyts are converted to ________ in which three primary germ layers are formed
|
gastrula
|
|
the subdivided innercell mass becomes the _____
|
embryonic disc
|
|
the extraembryonic membranes that form during the first 2-3 weeks of development are the: (4)
|
amnion
yolk sac allantois chorion |
|
______ develops when the cells of the epiblast fashion themselves into a transparent membranous sac
|
amion
|
|
amnion fills with ________
|
amniotic fluid
|
|
eventually, the amnion extends all the way around the embryo, broken only by the _______
|
umbilical cord
|
|
what is the function of the amnion (3)
|
buoyant environment that protects the developing embryo from physical trauma
helps maintain a constant homeostatic temperature prevents rapidly growing parts from adhering and fusing together |
|
_______ forms from cells of the primitive gut that hangs from the ventral surface of the embryo
|
yolk sac
|
|
the ______ and the ____ resemble two balloons touching each other with the ________- at the point of contact
|
yolk sac and amnion
embryonic disc |
|
what are the functions of the yolk sac (2)
|
1. forms part of the gut (digestive tubes)
2. is the source of the earliest blood cells and blood vessels |
|
________ forms a small outpocketing of embryonic tissue at the caudal end of the yolk sac which is a structural base for the umbilical cord
|
allantois
|
|
the umbilical cord links the _____ to the _____ and eventually becomes part of the ______
|
embryo to the placenta
urinary bladder |
|
the umbilical cord contains:
|
-core of embryonic connective tissue
-umbilical arteries and vein -covered externally by amniotic membrane |
|
during week _____ the two layered embryonic disc transforms into a three layered _____ : name the germ layers
|
ectoderm
mesoderm endoderm |
|
_______ = process of embryonic disc transforming into embryo
|
gastrulation
|
|
gastrulation begins when a groove with raised edges called the _______ appears on the embryonic disc
|
primitive streak
|
|
the first cells to enter the primitive streak displace the ________ and form the _____
|
hypoblast cells of the yolk sac
endoderm |
|
as soon as the mesoderm is formed, the cells beneath the primitive streak aggregate to form the ______
|
notochord
|
|
________ = the first axial support of the embryo
|
notochord
|
|
the ectoderm forms the ______ and____
|
nervous system
skin epidermis |
|
the endoderm forms the:
|
epithelial linings of the digestive, respiratory, and urogenital systems and associated glands
|
|
_______ is a mesenchyme which is an embryonic tissue with star shaped cells that migrate within the embryo
|
mesoderm
|
|
gastrulation sets the stage for the rearrangements that occur during ______
|
organogenesis
|
|
________ = formation of body organs and systems
|
organogenesis
|
|
by the end of ____ weeks, all of the adult organ systems are recognizable
|
8 weeks
|
|
the tube of the endoderm formed by the folding process is called the _________ that becomes the epithelial lining of the GI tract
|
primitive gut
|
|
the first major event in organogenesis is _______
|
neurulation
|
|
________ = the differentiation of ectoderm that produces the brain and spinal cord
|
neurulation
|
|
neurulation is induced by chemical signals from the ______
|
notochord
|
|
the ectoderm overlying the norochord thickens to form the _______ and then folds inward forming the ______
|
neural plate
neural groove |
|
the ______ cells migrate widely and give rise to the cranial, spinal, and sympathetic ganglia
|
neural crest
|
|
the _______ cells of the adrenal medulla give rise to pigment cells of the skin, and contribute to some connective tissues
|
chromaffin
|
|
by the end of the ________ (time) the three primary brain vessicles are apparent
|
1st
|
|
the first evidence of mesodermal differential is the appearance of the ______ in the _____
|
notochord
embryonic disc |
|
the notochord is eventually replaced by the ________
|
vertebral column
|
|
the ________ are paired mesodermal blocks that hug the notochord on either side
|
somites
|
|
there are ____ pairs of somites presens by the end of week 4
|
40
|
|
three functional parts of somites
|
sclerotome
dermatome myotome |
|
cells of the ______ migrate medially and gather around the notochord and neural tube to produce the vertebra and rib
|
sclerotome
|
|
_______ cells help form the dermis of the skin
|
dermatome
|
|
_______ cells form the skeletabl muscles of the neck and body trunk via their ______
|
myotome
limb buds |
|
cells of the _______ form the gonads and kidneys
|
intermediate mesoderm
|
|
the __________ mesoderm consists of paired mesodermal plates: (2)
|
lateral plate
somatic and splanchinic mesoderm |
|
cells of the superior mesodoerm plates help to form (3);
|
- skin dermis
- parietal serosa of ventral body cavity - tissues of the limbs |
|
________ cells form the heart and blood vessels and most connective tissues of the body
|
mesenchymal
|
|
the lateral mesodermal layers cooperate to form the serosae of the ________or ventral body cavity
|
coelom
|
|
the first blood cells arise in the ______
|
yolk sac
|
|
most of the blood coming through the umbilical vein enters the ________ which bypasses the liver sinusoids
|
ductus venosus
|
|
the ductus venosus empties into the _______
|
inferior vena cava
|
|
_________ opening in the interatrial septum that allows blood from the R atrium to the L atrium
|
foramen ovale
|
|
_______ trasfers most of the the R ventricle blood directly into the aorta, bypassing the pulmonary ciruit
|
ductus arteriosus
|
|
umbilical arteries branch from the ______
|
intenral iliac arteries
|
|
deoxygenated blood with metabolic wastes from the embryo is delivered back to the capillaries via the ________ of the placenta
|
chorionic villi
|
|
what is the mean duration of pregnancy
|
38 weeks
|
|
during pregnancy: female reproductive organs become engorged with blood and the vagina develops a purplish hue called ________
|
chadwicks sign
|
|
the placental production of the hormone ______ causes pelvic ligaments and pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible
|
relaxin
|
|
as placenta enlarges, it secretes increasing amounts of _____ and _____
|
hPL - human placental lactogen
hCS - human chorionic somatomammotropic |
|
functions of hPL
|
-stimulates maturation of breasts for lactation
-promotes growth of the fetus -exerts glucose-sparing effect in mother |
|
nausea and vomiting of women during first few months of pregnancy is releated to:
|
elevated levels of hCG, estrogens and progesterone
|
|
_______ are factors that may cause severe congenital abormalities or fetal death - include alcohol, nicotine, and drugs
|
teratogens
|
|
accomplishments during month 3
|
retina of eye present
skin obvious liver prominent and bile sercreted palate is fusing blood cell formation begins in bone marrow limbs molded sex readily detected |
|
accomplishments during month 4
|
cerebellum prominent
sensory organs differentiated eyes and ears shaped blinking of eyes and sucking motions of lips glands in GI tract develops kidneys attain structure most bones are now distinct |
|
accomplishments during month 5
|
vernix vasenosa covers body
lanugo covers skin fetal position assumed |
|
accomplishments during month 6 and 7
|
substantial increase in weight
myelination of spinal cord eyes are open skin wrinkled and red fingernails and toenails present bone marrow becomes sole sit of RBC formation |
|
________ = insufficient placental blood supply
|
preeclampsia
|
|
________ = giving birth
|
parturition
|
|
parturition occurs within _____ days of the calculated due date
|
15
|
|
rises in estrogen during last few weeks of pregnancy has 3 important consequences
|
1. stimulates the myometrial cells of the uterus to form abundant oxytocin receptors
2. it promotes formation of gap junctions between the uterine smooth muscle cells 3. it antagonizes progesterones quieting influce on uterine muscle |
|
results of rise in estrogens on myometrial cells cause false labor contractionsknown as ______
|
braxton hicks
|
|
chemical signals as birth nears:
|
fetal cells being to produce oxytocin - placenta releases prostaglandins - stimulate smooth muscle
|
|
many studies indicated that the _______ acting as paracrines trigger the contractions of true labor and contribute to the thinning and softening of the cervix
|
prostaglandins
|
|
expulsive contractions from oxytocin and prostaglandins are aided by _______, an adhesive that binds to the tissues of the placenta and marternal tissues
|
fetal fibronectin
|
|
-hat are the major events of the dilation stage
|
labors onset until the cervix is completely dilated by babys head
contractions 15-30 min apart and last 10-30sec eventually amnion ruptures "breaking water" longest part of labor 6-12 hours engagement occurs |
|
_______ occurs when the infants head enters the true pelvis
|
engagement
|
|
what are the main events of the expulsion stage
|
fulldilation to child birth
contractions every 2-3 minutes that last 1 minute about 50 min in first birth, 20 minutes in subsequent births crowning |
|
______ occurs when the largest dimension of the babies head distends the vulva
|
crowning
|
|
when crowning occurs, an ______ may be done to reduce tissue tearing
|
episotomy
|
|
in _____, an infant is in non-vertex position
|
breech
|
|
_______ is when the woman has a deformed pelvis making labor longer and more difficult
|
dystocia
|
|
what are the main events of the placental stage
|
delivery of the placenta and its attached fetal membranes - called the afterbirthw
30 minutes after the birth of infant |
|
what are the stages of labor
|
dilation
expulsion placental |
|
the _______ period is the four-week period immediately after birth
|
neonatal
|
|
1-5 min after bitch, the infants physical status is assesed based on an _______: (5) things assesed
|
apgar score
heart rate, respiration, color, muscle tone, and reflexes |
|
crucial first requirement of a newborn
|
breathing
|
|
6-8 hours after birth is known as the _________ period - alternating periods of activity and sleep
|
transitional
|
|
umbilical vein becomes the _____ which is the:
|
ligamentum teres round ligament of the liver |
|
the ductus venosus becomes the ____
|
ligamentum venosum on the livers undersurface
|
|
_______ is production of milk by the mammary glands
|
lactation
|
|
______ stimulates milk secretion
|
prolactin
|
|
a delay of 2-3 days before milk production begins, the mammary glands secrete a yellowish fluid called _______
|
colostrum
|
|
describe colostrum
|
less lactose than milk, almost no fat but contains more protein, vitamin A, and minerals
rich in IgA antibodies |
|
______ causes the let-dwon reflex in ejection of milk from the mammary glands
|
oxytocin
|
|
advantages of breast milk for infant (5)
|
fats and iron better absorbed
amino acids metabolized more efficiently chemicals IgA and lysozyme prevents infections natural laxative effect helps cleans the bowels of meconium encourages bacteria to colonize in large intestines (vit B and K) |
|
_______ = tarry green-black paste containin epithelial cells, bile and substances that are later feces
|
meconium
|
|
_________ are pairs of chromosomes - one from the father and one from the mother |
homologous chromosomes |
|
________ = diploid chromosomal complement displayed in homologous pairs |
karyotype |
|
the diploid ______ or genetic makeup represents two sets of genetic instructions |
genome |
|
_________ - matched genes at the same location on homologous chromosomes |
alleles |
|
________ = genetic make up ________ = genotype expressed |
genotype phenotype |
|
what are two important points about metaphase of meiosis I |
1. the two alleles determining each trait are segregated - which means they are distributed to different gametes 2. Alleles on different pairs of homo chromos are distributed independently of each other |
|
_________ = mixed contributions from each parents - chromosomes exchange gene segments |
recombinant chromosomes |
|
why are disorders caused by dominant genes uncommon |
almost always expressed and result in the death of the embryo |
|
examples of recessive diseases |
albinism cystic fibrosis tay sachs disease |
|
disorder of the brain lipid metabolism causing an enzyme defecit |
tay sachs |
|
______ when a heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between dominant and recessiv |
incomplete dominance |
|
_______ is caused by a substitution of one amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin |
sickel cell |
|
example of multiple allele inheritance |
blood type |
|
_______ results in continuous or quantitative phenotypic variation between two extremes and explains many human charateristics |
polygene inheritance |
|
example of polygene inheritance |
skin color - determined by three different genes |
|
________ are environmentally produced phenotypes that are caused by genetic mutations |
phenocopies |
|
_________ small RNAs that replicate themselves and insert their copies into distance DNA sites that disable those genes |
transposons |
|
______ control timing of programmed cell death during development |
small RNAs |
|
_________ underlie genomic imprinting - maternal and paternal genes turn on or off at the same time |
epigenetic |
|
_________ tags genes as paternal or maternal and confers important functional differences in embry |
genomic printing |
|
_____ - chemical tags that bind to DNA segments and histones that determine if DNA is available for transcription |
epigenetic marks |
|
_____ (number) genes are in the mitochondria and are transmitted by the mother because the ovum donates all cytoplasm- this is called _____ |
37 - extranuclear inheritance |
|
_______ traces a genetic train through several generations and helps predict the future |
pedigree |
|
_______ fetal testing where amniotic fluid is withrrawn |
amniosentesis |
|
________ - suctions bits of the chorionic willi from the placenta for examination |
chorionic villus sampling |