Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The breaking apart of food into smaller pieces for increased surfacee area, begins here. More, small particles get the food greater exposure to chemical enzymes that bring about chemical digestion. |
Mechanical digestion |
|
The enzymatic (chemical) breakdown of carbohydrates, fats, proteins and nucleic acids into their component parts begins here, too. |
Chemical digestion |
|
What is responsible for beginning mechanical digestion? |
Teeth |
|
The teeth break food down into smaller pieces, increasing surface area. Why? |
So that enzymes (chemical digestion) have a larger surface area on which to work. |
|
Contains the first digestive enzyme, salivary amylase, which breaks downwhich breaks down carbohydrates (starch) |
Saliva |
|
Saliva contains _________ which, when activated by the low pH in the stomach, breaks down lipids |
lingual lipase |
|
Lingual Lipase breaks down ________ when activated by the low pH in the stomach |
lipids |
|
Saliva also contains mucus, __________, electrolytes and _______. |
lysozyme, IgA |
|
Chewing (________) with the teeth, manipulation of the food with the time and moistening the food with the saliva prepare it for further digestion in the stomach |
mastication |
|
The long "tube" from mouth to anus. |
The alimentary canal |
|
Any organ through which food or drink passes is part of the alimentary canal - T/F? |
T |
|
All other organs through which food or drink does not pass (not part of the alimentary canal) are called what? |
Accessory organs |
|
No digestion occurs in the pharynx, T/F? Explain. |
T, no digestive enzymes present. |
|
No digestion occurs here; contractions of its muscle layers help and swallowing to propel food downward and when no swallowing is occurring, excluding air from the esophagus. |
Pharynx |
|
Another word for "swallowing reflex" |
Deglutition |
|
Note that the "swallowing (deglutition) reflex" is a complex voluntaryis a complex voluntary action mediated by several skeletal muscles. It is a complicated maneuver that causes the _______ to be blocked by the ________ when materials are being swallowed. This prevents ________. |
Glottis; Epiglottis; aspiration |
|
Foreign materials other than air entering the glottis is called? |
aspiration |
|
One should never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person or one with a disturbed swallowing reflex; choking and airway obstruction could occur, resulting in death. T/F? |
T |
|
Swallowing (deglutition) is mediated by several ______ muscles. |
Skeletal |
|
No digestion occurs in the esophagus. T/F? Explain. |
T, no enzymes present. |
|
Amuscular tube that propels food from the pharynx into the stomach. |
Esophagus |
|
Name the organ: stratified squamous epithelium (Non-keratinized); other layers of mucosa, submucosa, and external muscle layers present; our muscle layers transition from skeletal muscles to a mix of skeletal and smooth muscle to entirely smooth muscle before the cardiac sphincter; covered by connective tissue adventitia. |
Esophagus |
|
Smooth muscle contractions are voluntary/involuntary and under ________ control. |
Involuntary; autonomic |
|
Most of the esophagus is in the _________ and is not, therefore, covered by ________. It is instead covered by _______, adventitia |
mediastinum, serosa, connective tissue |
|
Prevents reflux of materials in the stomach (including the HCl) into the esophagus. |
Cardiac sphincter |
|
After vomiting, the burning sensation one feels is associated with the exposure of the HCl to the esophageal lining which has no protective mucus and can be injured by the acid. Persons who have frequent reflux due to an incompetent sphincter or other reasons can develop chronic damage that may enhance formation of esophageal cancers. This is one reason why it is unwise to lie down soon after a meal. The active stomach is secreting acid which may get past the sphincter and into the esophagus, Causing what? |
Gastroesophageal reflux |
|
Both mechanical digestion and chemical digestion occur in the stomach, T/F? |
T |
|
Innervation of the stomach: Parasympathetic (branches of the _________) and some _____________. The ___________ (part of the autonomic nervous system) is most directly in charge of the nervous system regulation of food movement through the alimentary canal as a whole (________.), and uses neurotransmitters including ______ and ______. |
vagus nerve, enteric nervous system, peristalsis; histamine, serotonin |
|
Branches of the vagus nerve account for the sympathetic/parasympathetic innervation of the stomach. |
Parasympathetic |
|
The enteric nervous system is part of the ________ nervous system. |
autonomic |
|
What is most directly in control of nervous system regulation of food movement through the alimentary canal as a whole (peristalsis)? |
Enteric Nervous System |
|
The enteric nervous system uses what two neurotransmitters? |
histamine; serotonin |
|
Blood supply/drainage of the stomach: _______ branching from the _________ supply the stomach (the _________ is the largest of these.) Veins from the stomach drain into the ___________. (Veins from the stomach either drain directly into the hepatic portal vein or into the splenic vein.) |
Gastric arteries; Celiac trunk; left gastric artery; hepatic portal system of veins |