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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
stroma
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a semiliquid substance surrounding the thylakoid membrane
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C3 Pathway
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Carbon fixation occurs only through the Calvin cycle and the enzyme rubisco
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phycobiloproteins
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accessory pigments in cyanovacteria composed of proteins attached to a tetrapyrrole group
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photon
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a particle of light that acts as a discrete bundle of energy
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photorespiration
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the incorporation of O2 in RuBP that undergoes additional reactions to release CO2
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photoelectric effect
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occurs when a photon transfers energy to electrons and its strength depends on the wavelength of light
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cytochrome/b6- complex
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it uses the energy from the passage of electrons to move protons across the thylakoid membrane
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stomata
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specialized opening in the leaf that closes to conserve water
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photosystem I
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this complex uses energetic electrons to reduce NADP+ to NADPH during photosynthesis
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C4 Pathway
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the capture of CO2 occurs in one cell and the decarboxylation occurs in an adjacent cell
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atenna complex
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a light-harvesting complex that captures photons and channels them to the reaction center in a photosystem
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thylakoid membrane
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a continuouse phospholipid bilayer organized into flattened sacs that contains photosynthetic pigments
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noncyclic photophosphorylation
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two photosystems acting in series where elctrons ejected from one photosystem do no return
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absorption spectrum
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the range and efficiency of photons a pigment is capable of absorbing
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light-dependent reaction
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process in photosynthesis involving the capture of energy from light to make ATP and reduce NADP+
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chlorophylls
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the main photosynthetic pigment in plants and cyanobacteria containing a porphyrin ring
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reaction center
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a transmembrane protein-pigment complex where the photochemical reactions occur in a photosystem
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cyclic photophosphorylation
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a light-energized electron ejected from a photosystem reaction center returns, producing ATP but no NADPH
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chloroplast
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a specialized organelle in plants and algae that carries out the photosynthetic process
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photosystem II
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a complex that absorbs two photons, exciting electrons that are passed to plastoquinone and the b6-f complex
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enhancement effect
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the rate of photosynthesis when red and far-red light are together in greater than the sum of individual rates
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crassulacean acid metabolism
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perform both the C3 and C4 pathways in the same cell at different times
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action spectrum
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the relative effectiveness of different wavelengths of light in promoting photosynthesis
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carotenoids
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perform a valuable role in capturing light energy and also in scavenging free radicals
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light-independent reactions
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the series of reactions used in photosynthesis to convert inorganic carbon in CO2 into carbohydrates
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carbon fixation
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the third, light-independent stage of photosynthesis that take place via a cyclic series of reactions
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pigments
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molecules that absorb light energy in the visible range and have a characteristic absorption spectrum
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What do green plants do for us?
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They produce oxygen and releases it in the atmosphere as a result of water splitting.
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Where does most of the biomass of plants come from?
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Through experiments, we know that most of plants' biomass comes from the air.
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Why is "dark reactions" not the best name for the process of carbon fixation?
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Carbon fixation requires the products made from the light-dependent reaction
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Why do green plants look green to us?
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Plants do not absorb green wavelengths so they reflect it and that is what we see.
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Why do the leaves of many trees turn shades red, yellow, or orange in the fall?
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Once it gets cooler, chlorophyll isn't produced and carotenoid is more available; it reflects reds, oranges and yellows and absorbs green.
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What is the function of a photosystem?
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Photosystems are made up of chlorophyll a. That is an accessory pigment and other proteins. They have an antenna complex that captures photons, and a reaction center that energizes and passes electrons.
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Where are the pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis located?
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thylakoid membranes of the chloroplasts
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What is the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
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Photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics;respirations breaks down energy-rich to synthesize ATP.
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Where does the Calvin cycle occur in C4 plants?
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in bundle-sheath cells
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Equation for Photosynthesis
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6CO2 + 6H2O + light = C6H12O2 + 6O2 + 6H2O
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In Photosystem I, what are light-energized electrons replaced by?
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reduction of NADPH (NADP+)
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How can a plant short-circuit photosystem I to produce additional ATP?
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pass it back to b6-f complex
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high-energy photons have what kind of wavelengths?
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short wavelengths
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What molecule has their electrons excited by solar energy and raised to higher energy levels?
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chlorophyll
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Compared to retinal, how can chlorophyll be described as a pigment?
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narrow absorption range and high efficiency
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What type of atom is at the center of the chlorophyll porphyrin ring?
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magnesium
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What is the primary photosynthetic pigment of all plants, algae, and cyanobacteria?
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chlorophyll a
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What occurs in the light-dependent reaction?
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electron transport
chemiosmosis (movement of H+ ions from high to low) splitting of water molecules |
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What is the protein matrix of a photosystem's atenna complex analogous to?
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rack used to position the pool balls before the break
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What is the reaction center pigment in plant photosystem II?
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P680-
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What supplies the energy and reducing power needed to run the Calvin cycle?
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ATP and NADPH
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What temperature is photorespiration most likely to occur?
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high temperature
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Photorespiration
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short-circuits photosynthesis
it works against photosynthesis because it releases carbon dioxide as photosynthesis releases oxygen |
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What is made at the end of the Calvin cycle?
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glucose
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How many carbon atoms are in a molecule of RuBP?
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5
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What part of the ATP molecule is linked to its energy storage capabilities?
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the bond between phosphates
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chloroplasts
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site of photosynthesis
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anaerobic
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process does not require oxygen
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aerobic
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process requires oxygen
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glucose
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C6H12O6
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ATP
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energy storing molecule
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Kreb's Cycle
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process occurs in a mitochondrion
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Glycolysis
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the anaerobic process of splitting glucose and forming two molecules of pyruvic acid
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energy
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the ability to do work
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ADP
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adenosine diphospate
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Autotrophs
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organisms that make their own food
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Heterotrophs
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organisms that do not make their own food
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How do cell store and release energy using ATP?
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Cells store energy by intaking sunlight and water. After oxygen in released, electrons are excited and go through the Electron Transport Chain. By ATP Synthase, ADP+Pi is changed into ATP which stores energy.
Energy is released by breaking down glucose in glycolysis making pyruvate, going through Kreb's Cycle, and then the ETC. 38 ATP is produced after that process. |
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Alcoholic Fermentation
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Pyruvic Acid ------------> 2 ethanol
(grapes) |
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Lactic Acid Fermentation
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Pyruvic Acid ------------> 2 Lactic Acid
(humans) |
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What are the three process of cellular respiration and the # of ATP produced?
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1) Glycolysis --- 2 ATP
2) Kreb's Cycle --- 2 ATP 3) Electron Transport Chain --- 34 ATP Total ATP for 1 Glucose = 38 |
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What are the stages, starting molecules, and products of photosynthesis?
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Light-Dependent-----sun light and water---ATP, NADPH, oxygen
Light-Independent---RuBP, Carbon Dioxide, ATP, NADPH, glucose |
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When and why does our body use lactic acid fermentation?
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Our bodies use lactic acid fermentation when not enough oxygen is being inhaled to produce enough energy to keep the muscles going. It usually happens when you are working out.
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-----Photosynthesis----
Location Occurs Reactants Products Energy Source What happens to the energy Reaction Type Metabolism Energy Formation Final Electron Acceptor Who Does it? |
chloroplast
in light Carbon Dioxide, water ATP, NADPH Sunlight storage of energy reduction (reduction of CO2 to glucose) Anabolic: makes sugar requires energy(endergonic) Glucose and Oxygen NADP+ ---> NADPH Autotrophs |
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------Respiration-----------
Location Occurs Reactants Products Energy Source Result Reaction Type Metabolism Energy Formation Final Electron Acceptor Who Does it? |
mitochondria
all the time glucose and oxygen ATP, NADPH, FADH2 chemical bonds in food release of energy oxidation (oxidation of glucose to CO2) catabolic:break down sugar makes energy exergonic carbon dioxide and water oxygen ---> water autorophs and heterotrophs |
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What happens to energy when living cells break down molecules?
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energy is released as heat and stored as ATP
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In cellular respiration, when is the most energy transferred?
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The electron transport chain
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What donates electrons to the electron transport chain?
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FADH2 and NADH
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What is the breakdown of organic compounds to produce ATP known as?
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cellular respiration
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What does glycolysis produce?
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pyruvic acid
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What two products of the Kreb's Cycle drives the electron transport chain?
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NADH and FADH2
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What happens to electrons as they are transported along the ETC?
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they combine with oxygen and protons to form water
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In Cellular Respiration, what stage involves the combination of a two-carbon molecule with a four-carbon molecule?
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The Kreb's Cycle
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Acetyl coenzyme A
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-formed from the breakdown of pyruvic acid
-enters the Kreb's Cycle -can ve used in synthesis of needed molecules |
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What is formed during the Kreb's Cycle?
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FADH2, NADH, CO2
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What does the Kreb's cycle and ETC do?
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-provide organisms an alternative to glycolysis
-break down glucose to produce carbon dioxide, water and ATP -produce most of the ATP needed for life |
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In aerobic respiration, what does glycolysis produce?
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-carbon dioxide
-NADH -H+ -citric acid |
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What bond must be broken for energy to be released from ATP?
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two phosphate groups
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Where does glycolysis take place
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cytoplasm
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Where does the Kreb's Cycle and ETC take place
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mitochondrion
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What are the three parts of an ATP molecule?
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adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
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where is chlorophyll found
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thylakoid membrane
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what is the source of electrons is water
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water is the source of electrons in photosynthesis.
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