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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In 1928, Griffith demonstrated this method
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Transformation
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Weakened or dead microorganisms used to cause body to produce immunity
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Vaccine
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Virus that infects bacteria
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Bacteriophage
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What did Hershey and Chase prove?
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That genetic material was made of DNA using the T2 virus
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Long thin molecule made of repeating subunits called nucleotides twisted into a helix
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DNA
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The backbones of DNA are _____, meaning they run in opposite directions
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Anti-parallel
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Three parts of a nucleotide:
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1) Phosphate group
2) 5-Carbon deoxyribose sugar 3) A nitrogen base |
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The 4 nitrogenous bases:
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1) Adenine
2) Guanine 3) Cytosine 4) Thymine |
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The 2 purines :
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1) Adenine
2) Guanine |
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The 2 pyrimidines :
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1) Thymine
2) Cytosine |
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How many rings do purines have?
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2 (double ringed)
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How many rings do pyrimidines have?
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1 (single ringed)
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What bonding occurs between Adenine - Thymine?
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Double hydrogen bond
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What bonding occurs between Cytosine and Guanine?
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Triple hydrogen bond
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States that you will have equal quantities of A & T and C & G because they are always paired
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Chargaff's base pairing rules
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Proved that DNA is species specific
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Chargaff's base pairing rules
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Who proposed the 1st model of DNA?
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Watson and Crick
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Shape of DNA
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Double helix
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Sides of DNA :
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1) Phosphate
2) Deoxyribose sugar (5C) |
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Rungs of DNA :
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Nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G)
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The strands of DNA are _____, meaning that the nitrogen bases are bonded A-T and C-G
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Complementary
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The strands of DNA are _____, which means that one strand is 5'-3' and the other is 3'-5'
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Anti-parallel
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Bases are held together by weak _____ bonds
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Hydrogen
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Scientist who used X-Ray diffraction
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Franklin
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Proved the semiconservative model for DNA replication
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Messelson and Stahl
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In the initiation of transcription, _____ _____ attaches to the promoter region
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DNA polymerase
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In the initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to the _____ region
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Promoter
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The promoter region in transcription is AKA the
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TATA box
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In initiation of transcription, RNA polymerase attaches to the TATA box and causes a separation of _____ strands of _____
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1) Complementary
2) DNA |
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During elongation of transcription, _____ _____ that are exposed will attract complementary free floating nucleotides of RNA to form hydrogen with the help of RNA polymerase
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DNA bases
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During elongation of transcription, _____ _____ also forms bonds between the sugar and phosphate of the nucleotides
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RNA polymerase
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During elongation of transcription, the process of bonding continues until the gene is fully _____
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Transcribed
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The _____ codon is reached and the new messenger RNA is released during transcription
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Terminator
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During transcription, the terminator codon is reached and the new _____ is released
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Messenger RNA
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In transcription, the mRNA undergoes _____ processing
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RNA
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During transcription, the _____ remove introns and the exons are spliced together and a 5' cap and poly-A tail are added
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snRNP's
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During transcription, the 5' cap and poly-A tail are added to protect the mRNA from being degraded on its way to the _____ in the cytoplasm
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Ribosome
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After the mRNA gets the 5' cap and poly-A tail, it leaves through the _____ _____ and moves to the _____ subunits
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1) Nuclear pores
2) Ribosomal subunits |
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After the mRNA moves to the ribosomal subunits, it can now carry the genetic blueprint of DNA to the _____ to begin the process of _____ _____
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1) Ribosome
2) Protein synthesis |
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During translation, what is the message that gets interpreted?
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The codon series on mRNA
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Translation is the interpreting of the _____ _____ and building a protein accordingly
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Genetic code
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What interprets the genetic code during translation?
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tRNA
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Function is to be a shuttle for specific AA to the ribosome
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tRNA
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The function of tRNA is to be a shuttle for specific _____ _____to the ribosome
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Amino acids
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Each amino acid is matched with the particular _____ by the enzyme, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase
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tRNA
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_____ are made of a large unit and a small unit that are assembled and functional only when attached to the mRNA molecule
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Ribosomes
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Each ribosome has a binding site for _____
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mRNA
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On each ribosome, the P site holds the tRNA carrying the _____ _____
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Polypeptide chain
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On each ribosome, the A site is for the tRNA carrying the next _____ _____
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AMino acid
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Three steps of making a polypeptide
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1) Initiation
2) Elongation 3) Termination |
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Small subunits binds to _____ and a special initiator tRNA during initiation of a polypeptide
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mRNA
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The initiator codon is on the _____
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mRNA
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What is the initiator codon?
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AUG
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The initiator tRNA carries the AA, methionine (MET) to the _____ _____
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Initiator codon
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Energy source of initiation of a polypeptide
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GTP
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At the end of initiation, the _____ tRNA sits in the P site and the A site is ready for the next tRNA
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Initiator
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Amino acids are added one by one to the initial amino acid
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Elongation
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mRNA in the A site forms H bonds with the anticodon of tRNA
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Codon recognition
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Formed between new amino acids and polypeptide chain
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Peptide bond formation
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tRNA in the P site leaves, tRNA with polypeptide in A site moves to P site, next the codon moves to A site (5'-3')
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Translation
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Elongation continues until it reaches a stop codon at the A site (UAA, UAG, UGA)
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Termination
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During termination, the _____ _____ binds directly to the termination codon in the A site
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Release factor
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During termination, the release factor causes ribosomes to add _____ instead of AA
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Water
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During termination, _____ occurs, making the polypeptide free and ribosome units separate
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Hydrolysis
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The process of synthesizing a new DNA strand
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DNA replication
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The helix must unwind which is aided by the enzyme _____
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Helicase
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_____ _____ _____ _____ help keep the strands apart and stabilized until new strand is formed during DNA replication
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Single-strand binding proteins
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Where replication starts
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Origin of replication
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Forms where the strand is separating and forms a replication bubble
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Replication fork
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Replication fork forms where the strand is separating and forms a _____ _____
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Replication bubble
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Before new DNA nucleotides add, an _____ _____ that is complementary to DNA must be present
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RNA Primer
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_____ _____ helps bond the new DNA nucleotides to the old DNA strand
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DNA polymerase
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The _____ _____ grows continuously and the _____ _____ grows in Okasaki fragments
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1) Leading strand
2) Lagging strand |
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_____ _____ catalyzes linkage between fragments in DNA replication
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DNA Ligase
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DNA polymerase corrects most errors by _____ _____
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Excision repair
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_____ _____ bonds the nucleotides together in DNA Replication
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DNA ligase
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Serves as a mold (template) for the assembly of proteins
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mRNA
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Each bonds to a specific amino acid (Type of RNA)
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tRNA
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globular, found in ribosomes (Type of RNA)
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rRNA
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3 base sequence on mRNA that will code for an amino acid
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Codon
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