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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
absorption
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The uptake of small nutrient molecules by an organism's own body; the third main stage of food processing, following digestion.
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acid chyme
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A mixture of recently swallowed food and gastric juice.
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alimentary canals
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A digestive tract consisting of a tube running between a mouth and an anus.
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aminopeptidase
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An enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the opposite end of the polypeptide containing a free carboxyl group
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appendix
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A small, fingerlike extension of the vertebrate cecum; contains a mass of white blood cells that contribute to immunity.
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bile
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A mixture of substances that is produced in the liver, stored in the gall bladder, and acts as a detergent to aid in the digestion and absorption of fats.
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bolus
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A lubricated ball of chewed food.
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bulk–feeder
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Animals that eat relatively large pieces of food.
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carboxypeptidase
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An enzyme found within the small intestine that splits off one amino acid at a time, beginning at the end of the polypeptide that has a free carboxyl group.
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carnivore
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An animal, such as a shark, hawk, or spider, that eats other animal
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cecum
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(plural, ceca) A blind outpocket of a hollow organ such as an intestine.
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cholecystokinin (CCK)
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A hormone released from the walls of the duodenum in response to the presence of amino acids or fatty acids.
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chylomicron
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Small intracellular globules composed of fats that are mixed with cholesterol and coated with special proteins.
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chymotrypsin
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An enzyme found in the duodenum. It is specific for peptide bonds adjacent to certain amino acids.
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colon
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The tubular portion of the vertebrate alimentary tract between the small intestine and the anus; functions mainly in water absorption and the formation of feces.
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complete digestive tract
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A digestive tube that runs between a mouth and an anus; also called alimentary canal. An incomplete digestive tract has only one opening.
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deposit–feeders
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A heterotroph, such as an earthworm, that eats its way through detritus, salvaging bits and pieces of decaying organic matter.
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digestion
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The process of breaking down food into molecules small enough for the body to absorb.
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dipeptidase
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An enzyme found attached to the intestinal lining. It splits small peptides.
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duodenum
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The first section of the small intestine, where acid chyme from the stomach mixes with digestive juices from the pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and gland cells of the intestinal wa
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elimination
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The passing of undigested material out of the digestive compartment.
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emulsification
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The process that keeps tiny fat droplets from coalescing.
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enterogastrones
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A category of hormones secreted by the wall of the duodenum.
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enteropeptidase
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An intestinal enzyme that directly or indirectly triggers activation of other enzymes within the intestinal lume
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epiglottis
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A cartilaginous flap that blocks the top of the windpipe, the glottis, during swallowing, which prevents the entry of food or fluid into the respiratory system.
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esophagus
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A channel that conducts food, by peristalsis, from the pharynx to the stomach.
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essential amino acids
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The amino acids that an animal cannot synthesize itself and must obtain from food. Eight amino acids are essential in the human adult.
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essential fatty acids
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Certain unsaturated fatty acids that animals cannot make.
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essential nutrients
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A chemical element that is required for a plant to grow from a seed and complete the life cycle, producing another generation of seeds.
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extracellular digestion
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The breakdown of food outside cells.
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feces
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The wastes of the digestive tract.
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fluid–feeders
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An animal that lives by sucking nutrient-rich fluids from another living organism.
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gallbladder
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An organ that stores bile and releases it as needed into the small intestine.
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gastric juice
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The collection of fluids secreted by the epithelium lining the stomach.
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gastrin
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A digestive hormone, secreted by the stomach, that stimulates the secretion of gastric juice.
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gastrovascular cavities
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An extensive pouch that serves as the site of extracellular digestion and a passageway to disperse materials throughout most of an animal's body
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hepatic portal vessel
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A large circulatory channel that conveys nutrient-laden blood from the small intestine to the liver, which regulates the blood's nutrient content
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herbivore
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A heterotrophic animal that eats plants.
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hydrolysis
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A chemical process that lyses, or splits, molecules by the addition of water; an essential process in digestion.
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ileum
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The last of three sections of the small intestine primarily involved in the absorption of nutrients and water.
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ingestion
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A heterotrophic mode of nutrition in which other organisms or detritus are eaten whole or in pieces.
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intracellular digestion
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The joining of food vacuoles and lysosomes to allow chemical digestion to occur within the cytoplasm of a cell.
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jejunum
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The middle section of the small intestine primarily involved in the absorption of nutrients and water.
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lacteal
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A tiny lymph vessel extending into the core of an intestinal villus and serving as the destination for absorbed chylomicrons.
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lipase
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An enzyme that hydrolyzes fat molecules in the intestinal lumen.
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liver
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The liver performs diverse functions such as producing bile, preparing nitrogenous wastes for disposal, and detoxifying poisonous chemicals in the blood.
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malnourished
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An animal whose diet is missing one or more essential nutrients.
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microvilli
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(plural, microvilli) One of many fine, fingerlike projections of the epithelial cells in the lumen of the small intestine that increase its surface area.
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mineral
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In nutrition, a chemical element other than hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen that an organism requires for proper body functioning.
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nuclease
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A team of enzymes that hydrolyze DNA and RNA into their component nucleotides.
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omnivore
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A heterotrophic animal that consumes both meat and plant material.
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overnourishment
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A diet that is chronically excessive in calories.
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pancreas
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A gland with dual functions: The nonendocrine portion secretes digestive enzymes and an alkaline solution into the small intestine via a duct; the endocrine portion secretes the hormones insulin and glucagon into the blood.
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pepsin
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An enzyme present in gastric juice that begins the hydrolysis of protein
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pepsinogen
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The inactive form of pepsin that is first secreted by specialized (chief) cells located in gastric pits of the stomach.
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peristalsis
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Rhythmic waves of contraction of smooth muscle that push food along the digestive tract.
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pyloric sphincter
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In the vertebrate digestive tract, a muscular ring that regulates the passage of food out of the stomach and into the small intestine.
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rectum
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The terminal portion of the large intestine where the feces are stored until they are eliminated.
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salivary amylase
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A salivary gland enzyme that hydrolyzes starch.
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salivary glands
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Exocrine glands associated with the oral cavity. The secretions of salivary glands contain substances to lubricate food, adhere together chewed pieces into a bolus, and begin the process of chemical digestion.
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secretion
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(1) The discharge of molecules synthesized by a cell. (2) In the vertebrate kidney, the discharge of wastes from the blood into the filtrate from the nephron tubules.
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small intestine
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The longest section of the alimentary canal. It is the principal site of the enzymatic hydrolysis of food macromolecules and the absorption of nutrients.
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sphincter
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A ringlike valve, consisting of modified muscles in a muscular tube, such as a digestive tract; closes off the tube like a drawstring.
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trypsin
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An enzyme found in the duodenum. It is specific for peptide bonds adjacent to certain amino acids.
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undernourishment
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A diet that is chronically deficient in calories.
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villi
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(singular, villus) (1) A fingerlike projection of the inner surface of the small intestine. (2) A fingerlike projection of the chorion of the mammalian placenta. Large numbers of villi increase the surface areas of these organs.
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vitamin
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An organic molecule required in the diet in very small amounts; vitamins serve primarily as coenzymes or parts of coenzymes.
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