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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
predation
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any animal that totally or partly consumes a plant or another animal
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true predator
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kills and eats another animal
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parasite
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spends most (or all) of its life living on another organism (the host) obtaining nourishment from the host by feeding off its tissues
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parasitoid
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insect that lays its eggs on the host
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herbivore
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eats plants
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granivores
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seed eater herbivore (totally consumes)
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grazers
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eats grasses herbivore
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browsers
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herbivore that eats leaves of other plants
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symbiosis
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two species that live together in close contact during a portion (or all) of their lives
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mutualism
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(+,+) both species benefit
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commensalism
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(+,0) one species benefits, while the second is neither helped nor harmed
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parasitism
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(+,- ) the parasite benefits from the living arrangement while the host is harmed
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secondary compounds
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toxic chemicals produced in plants that may discourage would-be herbivores
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camouflage (cryptic coloration)
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any color, pattern, or shape, or behavior that enables an animal to blend in with its surroundings
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aposematic coloration (warning coloration)
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conspicuous pattern or coloration of animals that warns predators that they sting, bite, taste bad, or are otherwise to be avoided
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mimicry
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occurs when two or more species resemble one another in appearance
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mullerian mimicry
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several animals, all with some special defense mechanism, share the same coloration
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batesian mimicry
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animal w/o any defense mimics the coloration of an animal that does
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ecological succession
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change in the composition of species over time
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climax community
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final successional stage of constant species composition
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pioneer species
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plants and animals first to colonize a newly exposed habitat
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primary succession
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occurs on substrates that never previously supported living things
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secondary succession
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begins in habitats where communities were entirely or partially destroyed by some kind of damaging event
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trophic levels
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plants and animals organized into groups that reflect their main energy source
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primary producers
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autotrophs that convert sun energy into chemical energy
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primary consumers
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herbivores that eat the primary producers
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secondary consumers
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primary carnivores that eat the primary consumers
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tertiary consumers
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secondary carnimores that eat the secondary consumers
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detritivores
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consumers that obtain their energy by consuming dead plants and animals (detritus)
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decomposers
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smallest detritivores
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ecological pyramids
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show relationship between trophic levels
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ecological efficiency
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describes the portion of energy represented at one trophic level that is transferred to the next level
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food chain
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linear flowchart of whom eats whom
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food web
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expanded, more complete version of a food chain. shows all the major plants and the animals that eat them and each other
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nitrogen fixation
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N2 to NH4+ by nitrogen-fixing prokaryotes; N2 to NO3- by lightning and UV radiation
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nitrification
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NH4+ to NO2- and NO2- to NO3- by various nitrifying bacteria
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denitrification
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denitrifying bacteria convert NO3- back to N2
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ammonification
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detrivorous bacteria convert organic compounds back to NH4+
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biomes
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biosphere divided into regions that exhibit common environmental characteristics
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tropical rain forests
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characterized by high temperature and heavy rainfall
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epiphytes
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plants that live commensally on other plants
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savannas
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grasslands with scattered trees
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temperate grasslands
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receive less water and are subject to lower temperatures than are savannas
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temperate deciduous forests
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occupy regions with warm summers, cold winters, and moderate precipitation
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deserts
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hot and dry. growth of annual plants limited to short periods following rain
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taigas
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characterized by coniferous forests ( pines, firs, needle-leaved) winters cold w/ snow only
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tundras
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winters so cold the ground freezes. in the summer, the topsoil thaws
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permafrost
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in a tundra, the deeper soil that is permanently frozen
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fresh water biomes
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ponds, lakes, streams, rivers
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marine biomes
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estuaries, intertidal zones, continental shelves, coral reefs, pelagic ocean
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global climate change
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burning of fossil fuels and forests increases CO2 in the atmosphere and cuases more heat to be trappe din the earth's atmosphere
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ozone holes
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areas of major ozone thinning mostly over Antarctica, Arctic, N. Russia
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biological magnification
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as one organism eats another, the toxin becomes more and more concentrated
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algal blooms
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massive growths of algae and other phytoplankton
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eutrophication
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process of nutrient enrichment in lakes and the subsequent increase in biomass
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