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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Matter
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Takes up space and has mass
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Elements
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Substance which cannot be broken down into simpler substances by chemical reactions
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Compounds
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Substance containing two different elements combined.
Ex: H20 - Hydrogen and Oxygen are both gases in their natural state. |
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96% of all mass is made up of what four elements?
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Carbon
Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen (CHON) |
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Trace Elements
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Elements required by organisms in minute amounts.
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Atoms
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Smallest unit retaining elemental properties.
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Protons
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Positively charged subunit of an atom.
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Neutrons
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Neutrally charged subunit of an atom.
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Electons
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Negatively charged subunit of an atom.
So small - considered "massless." |
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Isotopes
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Atoms with same amount of protons, but different number of neutrons.
Thus, they have different masses. |
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Atoms of compounds are held together by?
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Chemical bonds
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Ionic bond
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A bond between atoms in which one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another.
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An atom which lost an electron.
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Negatively charged ion.
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An atom which gained an electron.
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Positively charged ion.
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Covalent bond
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A bond between atoms in which electrons are shared.
Equally shared electrons: Polar covalent bond Unequally shared electrons: Polar covalent bond |
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Water is polar by
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It's two hydrogen atoms have a PARTIAL POSITIVE charge.
It's oxygen atom has a PARTIAL NEGATIVE charge. |
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Hydrogen bond
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A weak chemical bond formed when a hydrogen atom is covalently bonded to an electronegative atom which is attracted to another electronegative atom.
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Cohesive force of water
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Water frequently bonds with its surrounding neighbors due to weak hydrogen bonds.
Ex: water moving up plant veins pull up on molecules further down. |
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Adhesive force of water
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Water sticks to other substances: it is adhesive.
Ex: In plants, water ADHERES to cell walls to counter downward pull of gravity. |
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Water has high surface tension
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Surface tension - an effect that makes a liquid seem as though it has an elastic "skin." It is caused by cohesion between the surface molecules.
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Water's high heat capacity
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The ability of a substance to store heat.
It takes a lot of heat to increase the temperature of water. Water's ability to resist temperature change explains how humans keep a constant body temperature. |
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What are the unique properties of water?
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Polar and can dissolve other polar substances
Cohesiveness (pulls) and Adhesiveness (sticks) High heat capacity High surface tesion |
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Acidic solution
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A solution which contains many Hydrogen Ions (H+).
Placing an acidic solution in water will release a lot of H+ ions. |
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Basic solution
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A solution which contains many Hydroxide Ions (OH-).
These solutions are considered ALKALINE. Slippery consistency (i.e. soap) |
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pH scale
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Numbered from 1-14. 7 is neutral.
Acidic solution: low pH. An increase in H+ ions will decrease the pH. |
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Organic molecules
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Skeleton of carbon atoms; most living organisms' chemical compounds contain organic molecules.
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Inorganic molecules
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Compounds without carbon atoms, excluding CO2.
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Four types of organic molecules essential to life
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Proteins
Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids |
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Carbohydrates
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Contain Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen usually in a 1:2:1 ratio.
Either mono-, di-, or polysaccharides. Saccharide - "Sugar" |
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Monosaccharide
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Simplest sugar, serves as energy source for cells.
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2 common monosaccharides
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Glucose and Fructose - 6 Carbon Sugars (C6H12O6).
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Glucose
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Common monosaccharide. Produced by plants and broken down by cells for energy.
Hexagonal ring shape of 6 carbons. |
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Fructose
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Common monosaccharide. Common sugar in fruits.
Pentagonal ring shape of 6 carbons. |
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Disaccharides
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Two monosaccharides formed by one hydrogen bonding with hydroxide group, forming H20.
1 molecule of water is lost, 2 monosaccharides link to form disaccharide. |
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Loss of a water molecule to form a bond
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Dehydration synthesis or condensation
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Linkage of 2 glucose molecules
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Glycosidic bond.
Forms Maltose. |
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Hydrolysis
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The addition of water to break up a compound (i.e. Disaccharide into two monosaccharides).
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Polysaccharide
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Made up of many repeating subunits of monosaccharides.
Polysaccharides are thus polymers - a molecule with repeating subunits of the same type. Usually storage forms of sugar or structural components of cells. |
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3 most common polysaccharides
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Starch
Cellulose Glycogen |
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Example of Glycogen
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Animals store glucose molecules in the form of glycogen in the liver and muscle cells.
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Example of Starch
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Plants "stockpile" alpha-glucose molecules in the form of starch in structures called PLASTIDS.
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Example of Cellulose
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Made up Beta-glucose, it is a major part of the cell wall in plants. STRUCTURAL SUPPORT.
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Chitin
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Polymer of Beta-glucose molecules: STRUCTURAL MOLECULE in walls of fungus and exoskeletons of arthopods.
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Cellulose cannot be digested by humans because...
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Polymers of alpha-glucose can be broken down; Polymers of beta-glucose cannot.
Humans lack the enzyme which break Beta "1-4" linkages between glucose monomers. |
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Amino Acids
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The building blocks of proteins.
Contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen atoms. 20 different amino acids. |
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4 Major Parts of an Amino Acid.
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An Amino group (-NH2)
An Carboxyl group (-COOH) A Hydrogen An R Group |
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R Group
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Also called the SIDE CHAIN. Amino acids only differ in the R group.
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Functional group
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Distinctive group of atoms that play a large role in determining the chemical behavior of the compound they are a part of.
Ex: Organic acid has the function group, Carboxyl (-COOH) which releases hydrogen ions in water, making it acidic. |
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Hydroxyl group
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(-OH)
Compounds that end in "-ol" i.e. ALCOHOL, ETHANOL. Polar - Electronegative oxygen draws electrons toward itself. Attracts water molecules, helping dissolve organic compounds like sugar. |
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Carbonyl
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(C=O)
Ketone - carbonyl within a carbon skeleton. Aldehyde - carbonyl at the end of carbon skeleton. |
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Carboxyl
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(-COOH) Oxygen atom double bonded to a Carbon bonded to a Hydroxyl group.
Carboxylic acids - ACETIC ACIDS: give vinegar sour taste. Acidic - source of hydrogen ions. |
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Amino
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-NH2
Amines Ex: Glycine Acts as a base - can pick up a proton from a surrounding solution. |
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Sulfhydryl
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-SH
Two sulfhydryl groups can interact to help STABILIZE protein structure |
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Phosphate
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-OPO3 2-
Organic phosphates Ex: Glycerol phosphate Makes the molecule its a part of an anion (negatively charged ion) Can transfer energy between organic molecules. |
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Dipeptide
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Formation of two amino acids through a peptide bond.
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Peptide bond
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When the carboxyl group of a molecule reacts with the amino group of another molecule.
This is form of dehydration synthesis, becayse a water molecule is lost. |
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Polypeptide
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Group of amino acids joined together in a "string."
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Protein
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When a polypeptide chain twists and folds on itself, a protein is formed.
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Lipid
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Consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Function as structural components of cell membranes, sources of insulation, and energy storage. |
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Most common lipids
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Fats, oils, phospholipids, and steroids
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Fatty acid
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A major component of fats that is used by the body for energy and tissue development.
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Neutral fat
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Simple lipids - a typical fat which consists of three fatty acids and one molecule of the carbohydrate, GLYCEROL.
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Glycerol
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A 3-carbon alcohol that acts as the backbone molecule of many fats when combined with fatty acids.
'TRIGLYCERIDE' is another word for fat. |
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Ester linkage
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When a hydroxyl (from the glycerol) reacts with a carboxylic acid (of the fatty acids), with loss of a water molecule.
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Fat formation
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The fatty acids' carboxylic acid groups react with the glycerol's hydroxyl groups -> water molecule lost -> dehydration synthesis (ester linkage)
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Saturated Fatty Acid
Unsaturated Fatty Acid Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid |
Single covalent bond between carbon atoms
Adjacent carbons joined by double bonds Many double bonds |
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Phospholipid
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Composed of two fatty acid tails and one negatively charged phosphate head on the glycerol.
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Phospholipid properties
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Its two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic - they are nonpolar; water is polar. The two don't mix.
Phosphate head is hydrophilic - it's negative charge is drawn by the positive charge of water. |
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Amphipathic
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When a molecule has both a hydrophilic and hydrophobic region.
Because one region of a phospholipid is HYDROPHOBIC (fatty acid tails) and another is HYDROPHILIC (phosphate head), phospholipids are considered AMPHIPATHIC. |
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Steroids
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Usually contain 4 linked carbon rings.
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Nucleic acid
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Contain C, H, O, N, but also Phosphorus.
Made up of simple units called nucleotides. |
