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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
anatomy |
the study of body structure
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physiology
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science of body functions. Is a process. Includes homeostasis.
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What does structure have to do with function?
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Structure mirrors function.
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surface anatomy
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study of form and markings of the body surface, often explored through visualization or palpation.
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gross anatomy
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study of anatomical structure visible to unaided eye. What is below surface, requires cutting = "gross"
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developmental anatomy
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study of fertilized egg developing into its adult form.
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embryology
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subcategory of developmental anatomy (conception to 8th week of gestation)
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histology
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the study of tissues
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cytology |
study individual cellular structures.
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pathology
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study of anatomical changes due to disease. Use gross inspection, cytologic, histologic, and laboratory examinations to discover source of the disease.
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autopsy
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postmortem (after death) exam of body and internal organs done by pathologist. Determine cause, identify diseases not detected during life, determine extent of injuries and contribution to death, identify hereditary conditions.
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What are the 6 levels of organization?
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Atom, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism
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atoms
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smallest unit of matter
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cell
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basic structural and functional units of an organism
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tissues
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groups of cells that work together to perform a similar function.
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What are the four types of tissues?
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epithelium, connective tissue, muscle, and nervous.
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organs
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structures composed of two or more different types of tissues (all but the simplest of organs have all 4 basic tissues represented.) Organs have specific functions and recognizable shapes.
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organ system
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consists of related organs with a common function. Ex. digestive system.
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How many organ systems are the in the body?
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11
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What are the six important life processes?
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metabolism, responsiveness, movement, growth, differentiation, and reproduction.
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metabolism
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sum of all catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes that occur in the body.
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responsiveness
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body's ability to detect and respond to changes which might represent an opportunity or threat
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movement
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any motion, including movement of tiny subcellular structures, or movement inside cells or organs.
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growth
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increase in body size due to an increase in existing cells, number of cells, or both. muscle cells get larger/smaller.
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differentiation
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development of a cell from a specialized state.
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stem cells
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give rise to cells that undergo differentiation. stem= undifferentiated.
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homeostasis
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condition of equilibrium (balance) in the body's internal environment. dynamic condition meant to keep body functions in the narrow range compatible with maintaining life. Maintain internal environment no matter the conditions.
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Intracellular fluid (ICF)
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the fluid within cells
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extracellular fluid (ECF)
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the fluid outside cells
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interstitial fluid
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ECF between cells and tissues
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blood plasma
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ECF within blood vessels
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lymph
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ECF within lymphatic vessels
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cerebrospinal fluid
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ECF in brain and spinal cord.
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synovial fluid
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ECF in joints
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aqueous humor
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ECF in eyes
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What nutrients move back and forth across capillary walls?
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glucose, oxygen, ions and removes wastes
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Homeostasis
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Challenged by physical insults, changes in internal environment, physiological stress
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What are the 3 parts of the body's feedback system?
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receptor, control center, effector.
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receptor
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body structure that monitors change in a controlled condition (such as body T) and sends input to the control center.
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control center
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sets range of values to be maintained-usually this is done by the brain. Evaluates input received from receptors and generates output command. output=nerve impulses, hormones, and other chemical agents. Brain acts as control center receiving nerve impulses from skin temperature receptors. *receives input from receptor, gives output to effector.
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effector
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receives output from control center, produces response or effect that changes controlled condition.
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negative feedback system
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reverses a change in a controlled condtion
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positive feedback system
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strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body's controlled conditions.
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Give an example of a negative feedback system?
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Blood pressure. Stimulus increases BP. Baroreceptors detect it and send nerve impulses to brain. Response sent via nerve impulses to the heart and blood vessels causes BP to drop.
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Give an example of a positive feedback system?
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Childbirth. Reinforces or enhances a change. Uterine contractions, receptors in cervix send impulse to brain. Oxytocin released in blood. Contractions and cycle continues until baby is born.
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How is diagnosis of a disease done?
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Assess signs and symptoms, medical history, collect info about event, present illnesses, physical exam, and past medical probs.
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physical examination
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orderly evaluation of the body and its function, noninvasive techniques and other vital signs (pulse)
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Integumentary system
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skin and related structures. Protect body, regulate temp, eliminate waste through sweat and other secretions.
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skeletal system
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consist of bones and joints, provide protection and support, houses cells that will become RBCs, WBCs, and platelets.
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muscular system
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skeletal, cardiac,and smooth muscle. facilitate movement, maintain posture, generate heat necessary for warm-blooded organisms to maintain constant body temp.
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nervous system
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brain, spinal cord, nerves,and sensory organs. senses and responds to body conditions through nerve impulses.
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endocrine system
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hormone producing cells and glands. regulate body through chemicals by releasing hormones into blood.
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cardiovascular system
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heart, blood, blood vessels. carries blood and nutrients to specific locations, regulate body temp. and water balance.
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lymphatic system
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immunity. lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, lymphocytes, tonsils, spleen, thymus gland. transport fat and proteins to cardiovascular system, filter blood and protect against disease.
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respiratory system
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upper airways, trachea, major bronchi, lungs. extract oxygen and eliminate carbon dioxide. regulates acid/base balance.
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digestive system
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esophagus, stomach, intestines, salivary glands, liver, and gallbladder. Accomplishes physical and chemical breakdown of food and elimination of waste.
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urinary system
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kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra. involved in collection and excretion of waste products in urine, and regulation of fluid, electrolyte and acid/base balance.
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reproductive system
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ovaries, uterus, vagina in female. testes and penis in male. associated organs and glands. reproduction of individual or organism.
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What is an example of many body systems working together?
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thermal regulation. involves muscular, cardiovascular, nervous, integumentary.
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anatomical position
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subject stands erect facing observer with the head level, eyes forward, feet flat and forward.
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superior
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above, top, toward head.
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inferior
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below, bottom, away from head
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anterior (ventral)
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to the front
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posterior (dorsal)
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to the back
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superficial
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toward the surface
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deep
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toward the core
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visceral
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pertaining to a covering over an organ
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parietal
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pertaining to a covering against a cavity wall
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cranial
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skull
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cervical
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neck
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cubital
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elbow
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carpal
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wrist
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patellar
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front of knee
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orbital
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eye
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thoracic
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chest
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inguinal
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inguinal
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metacarpal
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hand/palm
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plantar
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sole of feet
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buccal
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cheek
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axillary
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armpit
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femoral
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thigh
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gluteal
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buttock
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tarsal
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ankle
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digital
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toes
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phalangeal
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fingers
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body planes
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imaginary flat surfaces that separate body or body part into portions. there are three major planes at right.
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sagittal
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midline
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transverse
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horizontal
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frontal
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coronal
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midsagittal (midline)
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equal halves
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parasagittal
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unequal halves
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oblique planes
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at an angle
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dorsal cavity
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brain and spinal cord posterior
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ventral cavity
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anterior
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cranial cavity
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formed by the cranial bones, protects the brain
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vertebral canal
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formed by bones of vertebral column, contains spinal cord
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meninges
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layers of protective tissue that line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal
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What is in the dorsal/posterior cavity?
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cranial cavity, vertebral, meninges
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What is in the ventral cavity?
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thoracic cavity (sternum, ribs, thoracic portion of bony vertebral column)
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abdomniopelvic cavity
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extends from the diaphragm to the groin and is encircled b the abdominal wall and bones and muscles of the pelvis.
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abdominal cavity
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stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small and large intestines.
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pelvic cavity
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urinary bladder, internal organs of reproductive system, and portions of the large intestine.
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serous membranes
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lines thoracic and abdominal cavities. Thin, slippery, double-layered membranes.
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pleural membranes
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serous membranes that cover lungs and walls of pleural cavity
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pericardial membrane
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serous membrane that covers the heart and the pericardial cavity walls.
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peritoneal
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serous membrane that covers the abdominal organs and abdominal cavity walls.
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oral cavity
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tongue and teeth
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nasal cavity
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part of the upper airways
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orbital cavity
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contain eyeballs and various nerves and blood vessels
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middle ear cavity
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contain small bones of middle ear.
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synovial cavity
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found in freely movable joints like the large joints of the shoulder and hip
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What is the trick for remembering the quadrants? (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ?)
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GIL PISS IR IR!
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Abdomniopelvic quadrants and regions? (9)
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Right Hypochondriac epigastric
Right Lumbar umbilical Right Inguinal hypogast Left regions: left hypochon, left lumbar, left inguinal |