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89 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Phases of respiration Pulmonary Ventilation |
The exchange of air between the atmosphere and the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs. Accomplished by inhalation and exhalation |
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External Gas Exchange |
Occurs in the lungs as oxygen diffuses from the air sacs into the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses out of the blood to be eliminated. |
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Gas Transport in the blood |
The circulating blood carries gases between the lungs and the tissues, supplying oxygen to the cells and bringing back carbon dioxide |
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Internal Gas exchange |
oxygen diffusesfrom the blood to the cells, whereas carbon dioxide travels from cells into theblood. gasses move between blood and body cells. |
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The flow of air into and out of the lungs |
nasal cavities »pharynx » larynx » trachea » primarybronchi » secondary or lobar bronchi » segmental bronchi » bronchioles»terminal bronchioles » alveoli |
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What type if tissue lines the trachea |
(pseudostratifiedsimple, ciliated, columnar squamous epithelium, PSCC)
Mucous membrane |
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Where are the nasal cavities |
between the roof of the mouth and the cranium |
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What is the pharynx and what it consists of |
Pharynx = throat consists of: nasopharynx, oropharynx , laryngopharynx |
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nasopharynx |
superior portion, located immediately behind the nasal cavity |
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oropharynx |
the middle section, located posterior to the mouth. |
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laryngopharynx |
most inferior portion |
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What is and where is the larynx |
commonly called the voice box. connects the pharynx with the trachea. Its rigid framework consists of nine portions of hyaline cartilage. |
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Where are the vocal folds aka vocal cords |
located centrally in the superior larynx. |
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What are vestibular folds |
false vocal folds |
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epiglottis |
leaf-shaped cartilage that covers the larynx during swallowing |
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aspirate |
to inhale material into the respiratory tract |
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What is the trachea and where is it located |
known as the windpipe. tube that extends from the inferior edge of the larynx to the mediastinum, just superior to the heart |
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What is the trachea lined with |
c-shaped cartilage along the entire length of the trachea |
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What are the bronchi and where are they located? |
inferior end of the trachea divides into two main stems called bronchi and enter the lungs in the depression called the hilum |
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What type of tissue lines the structures of respiratory system? |
Mucous membrane (pseudostratified simple, ciliated, columnar squamous epithelium, PSCC) |
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What is contained within the lungs? |
contain both air passageways and minute, thin- walled sacs called alveoli. |
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How many lobes are in each lung? |
Right: 3- Superior, middle, inferior Left: 2 -Superior and inferior |
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What are the Bronchioles and what controls it? |
the smallest of conducting tubes controlled by the autonomic nervous system. |
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What are terminalbronchioles |
smallest subdivision of the bronchial tree. |
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Alveoli |
found at the end of terminal bronchioles, the alveoli are clusters of tiny air sacs in which most of the external gas exchange takes place. Covered by millions of tiny capillaries, providing an easy passage forgasses entering and leaving the blood. |
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pleura |
a continuous double sat that covers each lung. |
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parietalpleura |
portion attached to the chest wall |
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visceral pleura. |
portion attached to the lungs surface is the |
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pleuralspace |
containing fluid that lubricates the membranes. |
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Tidal Volume |
The amount of air moved into or out of the lungs in quiet, relaxed breathing, |
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Residual volume |
The volume of air that remains in the lungs after maximum exhalation |
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Inspiratory reserve volume |
The additional amount that can be breathed in by force after a normal inhalation |
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Expiratory reserve volume |
The additional amount that can be breathed out by force after a normal exhalation |
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Vital capacity |
The volume of air that can be expelled from the lungs by maximum exhalation after maximum inhalation |
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Functional residual capacity |
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal exhalation |
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Total lung capacity |
The total volume of air that can be contained in the lungs after maximum inhalation |
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partial pressure |
pressure of a gas within a gas mixture (such as air) symbolized with a P and a subscript of its formula. |
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What does gas exchange require |
pressure gradient |
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Why is carbon monoxide a poison? |
binds with hemoglobin at the same molecular sites as does oxygen. However, it binds more tightly and displaces oxygen. Even a small amount of carbon monoxide causes a serious reduction in the blood’s ability to carry oxygen thus making you deoxygenated |
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Explain how the central nervous system controls respiration. |
From the medulla, motor nerve fibers extend into the spinal cord. From the cervical (neck) part of the cord, these nerve fibers continue through the phrenic (FREN-ik) nerve (a branch of the vagus nerve) to the diaphragm and also to the intercostal muscles. |
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Centralchemoreceptors |
Located near the medullary respiratory center – Respond to raised CO2 level (hypercapnia) |
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Peripheralchemoreceptors |
Located in carotid and aortic bodies (in the neck and aortic arch) Respond to oxygen level considerably below normal |
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Hyperpnea (hi-PERP-ne-ah |
refers to an increase in the depth and rate of breathing to meet the body’s metabolic needs, as in exercise. |
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Hypopnea (hi-POP-ne-ah) |
is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing. |
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Tachypnea (tak-IP-ne-ah) |
is an excessive rate of breath- ing that may be normal, as in exercise. |
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Apnea (AP-ne-ah) |
is a temporary cessation of breath- ing. Short periods of apnea occur normally during deep sleep. More severe sleep apnea can result from obstruc- tion of the respiratory passageways or, less commonly, by failure in the central respiratory center. |
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Dyspnea (disp-NE-ah) |
is a subjective feeling of difficult or labored breathing. |
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Orthopnea (or-THOP-ne-ah) |
refers to a difficulty in breathing that is relieved by sitting in an upright position, either against two pillows in bed or in a chair. |
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Kussmaul (KOOS-mowl) |
respiration is deep, rapid res- piration characteristic of acidosis as seen in uncontrolled diabetes. |
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Cheyne-Stokes (CHANE stokes) |
respiration is a rhyth- mic variation in the depth of respiratory movements alternating with periods of apnea. It is caused by depres- sion of the breathing centers and is noted in certain criti- cally ill patients. |
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Cyanosis (si-ah-NO-sis) |
is a bluish color of the skin and mucous membranes caused by an insufficient amount of oxygen in the blood |
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Hypoxia (hi-POK-se-ah) |
means a lower-than-normal oxygen level in the tissues. The term anoxia (ah-NOK- se-ah) is sometimes used instead, but it is not as accurate because it means a total lack of oxygen. |
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Hypoxemia (hi-pok-SE-me-ah) |
refers to a lower-than- normal oxygen partial pressure in arterial blood. |
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hyperventilation (hi-per-ven-tih-LA-shun) |
the rate and depth of breathing increases above optimal levels. |
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hypoventilation |
an amount of air insufficient to meet the body’s metabolic needs enters the alveoli. |
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Upper Respiratory Infection |
Confined to the nose and the throats. Common cold, Influenza, URI |
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Lower Respiratory Infection |
RSV, Croup, pneumonia, influenza, COPD (enphazima, bronchitis) |
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Coryza\ |
an acute inflammatory contagious disease involving the upper respiratory tract: a common cold. |
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3 types of pneumonia |
Lobarpneumonia- Confined to a certain lobe
Bronchopneumonia- Throughout the lung Pneumocystispneumonia- particular to people with HIV and AIDS |
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exudate (EKS-u-date) |
in the infected alveoli; this fluid consists chiefly of serum and pus, products of infection. |
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What are tubercles? |
Small lesions that form where the organisms grow. |
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Describe tuberculosis. |
infectious disease caused by the bacillus Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Leading cause of communicable disease death in the US. organism can readily spread into the lymph nodes or into the blood and be carried to other organs. The small lesions in the lung explode and liquify and form a cavity as they die, which destroys the tissue. |
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Namesome examples of respiratory disorders that can be caused by allergies |
allergic rhinitis and asthma |
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Whatis asthma and what can trigger asthma attacks? |
caused by reversible changes in the airways, including inflammation and excessive mucus production and spasm of the involuntary muscle in bronchial tubes. Exercise, inhaled substances, drugs, respiratory infection, noxious fumes, tobacco smoke, cold air. |
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Whatis RSV, Respiratory syncytial virus? |
causesinfections of the lungs and respiratory tract. It is very common where mostchildren have been infected with the virus by age 2. Respiratory syncytial(sin-SISH-ul)virus can also infect adults. |
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Whatis COPD and describe what happens in the bronchi and alveoli. |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the term used to describe several associated lung disorders, including chronic bronchitis and emphysema (em-fih- SE-mah). |
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What happens to the bronchi and alveoli with COPD? |
destruction of the alveoli and the bronchi become narrow and inflamed and produce excessive secretions. |
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Pnuemothorax |
Pneumothorax: accumulation of air in the pleural space. |
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Hemothorax: |
Blood in the pleural space- caused by penetrating chest wounds. In such cases, the first priority is to stop the bleeding. |
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Whatis a thoracentesis and why is the procedure done? |
A needle inserted in to the pleural space to remove excess fluid. |
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tracheotomy |
refers to the incision in the trachea. |
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tracheostomy |
tube is used if the pharynx or the larynx is obstructed. It is a small metal or plastic tube that is inserted through a cut (stoma) made in the trachea. |
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What is a bronchoscopy? |
Process of visually examining the bronchioles. |
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What is artificial respiration and when is it used? |
used when a patient has temporar- ily lost the capacity to breathe independently. |
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What is CPR? |
Cardiac massage and mouth to mouth respiration. |
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Oxygen therapy |
is used to sustain life when a condition interferes with adequate oxygen supply to the tissues. |
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Laryng/o |
larynx the laryngeal pharynx opens into the larynx |
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nas/o |
nose the nasopharynx is behind the nasal cavity |
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or/o |
mouth, the oropharynx is behind the mouth |
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pleur/o |
side, rib the pleura covers the lung and lines the chest wall (rib cage) |
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capn/o |
carbon dioxide hypercapnia is a rise in the blood level of carbon dioxide |
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orth/o |
straight orthopena can be relieved by sitting in an upright position |
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-pnea |
breathing hypopnea is a decrease in the rate and depth of breathing |
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spir/o |
breathing A spirometer is an instrument used to record breathing volumes |
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atel/o |
incomplete Atelectasis is incomplete expansion of the lung |
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-centesis |
tapping, perforation in thoracentesis, a needle is inserted into the pleural space to remove fluid |
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pneum/o |
air, gas pneumothorax is accumulation of air in the pleural space |
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pneumon/o |
lung pneumonia is inflammation of the lung |
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rhin/o |
nose rhinitis is inflammation of the nose. |