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34 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ghrelin
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Produces hunger
- stimulates hypothalamus release of human growth hormone releasing hormone |
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Peptide YY
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Satiety
- slows stomach emptying and increases absorption of food |
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Cholecystokinin
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Satiety (gall bladder)
- appetite-suppressing effect on the brain so you don't over eat |
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Hypothalamus
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Main control system
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Where are carbohydrates found?
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-Muscle
-Liver glycogen -Blood glucose (regulated by insulin and glucagon) |
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Chylomicrons
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1.) Transports lipids from small intestine to the rest of the body
2.) Enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream |
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LDL
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Absorbed by cells in need of cholesterol for membrane repair or steroid synthesis
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HDL
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Delivers cholesterol to liver, for elimination in bile
- High level indicates that cholesterol is being removed from the arteries |
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Glycolysis
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2 ATP
Glucose (6c) split into 2 pyruvic acid molecules (3c) |
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Aerobic Respiration
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34-36 ATP
completely oxidizes pyruvic acid to CO2 and H2O |
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Anaerobic Fermentation
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(No O2 available)
Pyruvic acid reduced to lactic acid - replenishes NAD so glycolysis can continue |
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Glycolysis - Phosphorylation
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Glucose enters cell and has phosphate added - ATP used
Maintains favorable concentration gradient, prevents glucose from leaving the cell |
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Glycolysis - Priming
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Isomerization occurs
Phosphorylation further activates molecule - ATP used |
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Glycolysis - Cleavage
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Molecule splits into 2 - three carbon molecules
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Glycolysis - Oxidation
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Removes H+ and H-
NAD+ + H --> NADH |
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Dephosphorylation
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Transfers phosphate groups to ADP to form ATP
4 ATP produced ( 2 ATP used) for a net gain of 2 ATP PRODUCES PYRUVIC ACID |
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Anaerobic Fermentation
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Glycolysis cannot continue without supply of NAD+
NADH reduces pyruvic acid to lactic acid, restoring NAD+ Lactic acid travels to the liver to be oxidized back to pyruvic acid when O2 is available (oxygen debt) Then it is stored as glycogen or released as glucose |
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Fermentation is
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Inefficient and not favored by the brain or the heart - lack of oxygen
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Aerobic Respiration
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Most ATP generated in mitochondria, require oxygen as the final electron acceptor
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Steps of Aerobic Respiration
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matrix reactions occur in the fluids of the mitochondria
membrane reactions whose enzymes are bound to the mitochondrial membrane |
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Three steps to prepare pyruvic acid to enter the Citric Acid Cycle
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1.) decarboxylation so that a 3 carbon becomes a 2 carbon compound
2.) convert that to an acetyl group by removing the H 3.) Bind it to coenzyme A KNOWN AS FORMATION OF ACETYL-COENZYME A |
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Citric Acid Cycle occurs where?
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Mitochondral Matrix
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Glycogenesis
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Synthesis of glycogen
stimulated by insulin |
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Glycogenolysis
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Glycogen --> glucose
Stimulated by glocagon in epinephrine Only liver cells can release glucose back into the blood |
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Gluconeogenesis
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Synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates, such as fats and amino acids
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Lipogenesis
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Synthesizing fats from other sources
Amino acids and sugars used to make fatty acids and glycerol |
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Lipolysis
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Breaking down of fat for fuel
Glycerol is converted to PGAL and enters glycolysis Fatty acids are broken down 2 carbons at a time to produce acetyl-CoA (beta oxidation) Produced when you are about to enter the Citric Acid Cycle |
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Liver converts Ammonia (NH3) to what?
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To urea - which is removed from the blood by the kidneys
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Absorptive State
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Lasts about 4 hours during and after a meal
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Regulation of Absorptive State
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Regulated by insulin secreted in response to elevated blood glucose and amino acid levels and the horones gastrin, secretin, and cholecystokinin
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Postabsorptive State
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Homeostasis of blood glucose is critical to the brain
When stomach and small intestine are empty, stored fuel is used SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM CONTROL |
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Glycolysis occurs where?
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In the cytoplasm
glucose --> energetic pyruvate glucose --> pyruvate does not produce a lot of ATPs |
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Pyruvate drives what mechanism?
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Production of ATP
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Which cycle produces more ATP glycolysis or Krebs cycle?
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Krebs cycle produces 36 net ATP, glycolysis only produces 2 net ATP
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