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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The skeletal system has 6 important functions they are?
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Support, Protection, Assistance in movement, Mineral homeostasis, Blood cell production, and Triglyceride storage.
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The two major tissues of the Skeletal System are?
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Bone (osseous tissue) and cartilage.
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Bone is found in the body in what two different arrangements?
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Compact bone and Spongy bone
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Compact bone is good at providing?
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protection and support.
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Spongy bone is lightweight and
provides? |
tissue support
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Spongy forms much of the epiphysis and?
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the internal cavity of long bones.
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Bone is a highly _____ C.T. with a hard, mineralized extracellular matrix.
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vascularized
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Cartilage is a poorly _____ C.T. with a matrix composed of chondroitin sulfate and various fibers.
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vascularized
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Fiber types distinguish ____
cartilage from _____ or ____ cartilage. |
hyaline, fibrocartilage, or elastic.
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What cartilage is the thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the epiphysis of long bones?
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Articular
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What cartilage is found where the bone forms an
articular (joint) surface (where one bone moves against another bone)? |
Articular
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What is a tough sheath of dense, irregular connective tissue on the outside of the bone?
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The periosteum
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The periosteum contains _____ that help the bone grow in thickness, but not in length.
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osteoblasts
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What assists with fracture repair and serves as an attachment point for tendons and ligaments?
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The periosteum
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What is a space within the diaphysis of long bones that contains fatty yellow bone marrow in adults?
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medullary cavity
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What is a membrane that
lines the medullary cavity? |
endosteum
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What is composed of
osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and connective tissue? |
endosteum
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What is a dense irregular connective tissue membrane that surrounds cartilage?
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perichondrium
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What are cells that
form cartilage? |
Chondrocytes
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Four types of cells are present in bone tissue they are?
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Osteogenic, Osteoblast , Osteocytes , and Osteoclast.
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What are bone building cells? They synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components.
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Osteoblasts
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What are mature osteoblasts (maintenance).
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Osteocytes
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What are large bone breakdown cells and are derived from the fusion of 50 monocytes?
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Osteoclasts
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As white blood cells, osteoclasts migrated from the bone marrow to become ____ ____ in the substance of the bone.
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“fixed macrophages”
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Besides bone and cartilage, the skeletal system contains other important tissues. They are?
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Epithelium, Nerves, Red marrow, and Yellow marrow.
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Bone is ___% water, ____% organic proteins, ___% mineral salts (hydroxyapatite crystals).
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25, 25, and 50
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What fibers provide flexibility and tensile strength?
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Collagen (Organic constituents)
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The ____ in the arm is a typical long bone.
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humerus
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What is the shaft or
body of a long bone? |
diaphysis
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What forms the distal
and proximal ends of a long bone? |
epiphyses
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What are the areas
where the epiphyses and diaphysis join? |
metaphyses
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In adolescents, through the end of active growth, the epiphysis of the long bones contains hyaline cartilage and forms an?
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“epiphyseal growth plate”.
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The epiphyseal growth plate is always actively dividing and causing the bone to?
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elongate from each end.
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In adults, the epiphyseal cartilage is no longer present and elongation of bones has stopped.
The epiphyseal growth plate becomes an ____ ____ as growing cartilage is replaced by calcified bone. |
“epiphyseal line”,
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Interstitial lamellae
between osteons are left over fragments of older? |
osteons
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What encircles the bone beneath the periosteum?
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Outer circumferential lamellae
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What encircles the medullary
cavity? |
Inner circumferential lamellae
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What are small spaces
between the lamellae which house osteocytes? |
Lacunae
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What are small channels filled with extracellular fluid connecting the lacunae?
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Canaliculi
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Blood and lymphatic vessels
are found in the osteon’s? |
Central canal.
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What allows transit of
Blood and lymphatic vessels to the outer cortex of the bone? |
Perforating (Volkmann’s)canals
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Spongy bone lacks osteons. Instead, lamellae are arranged in a lattice of thin columns called?
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trabeculae.
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What spongy bone tissue supports and protects the red bone marrow and are oriented along lines of stress?
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Trabeculae
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Hematopoiesis (blood cell production) occurs in?
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spongy bone.
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Within each trabecula of spongy bone are?
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lacunae
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As in compact bone, lacunae contain osteocytes that nourish the mature bone tissue from the blood circulating through the?
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trabeculae.
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The interior of long bones is made up primarily of? This lessens overall bone weight.
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spongy bone.
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Bone is richly supplied with blood; ____ arteries and veins supply the periosteum and compact bone.
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Periosteal
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What is rich in sensory nerves and is sensitive to tearing or tension?
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The periosteum
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____ or ____ is the process of forming new bone.
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Ossification or osteogenesis
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Bone formation occurs in four situations. They are?
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Formation of bone in an embryo, Growth of bones until adulthood, Remodeling of bone, and Repair of fractures
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Osteogenesis occurs by two different methods, beginning about the 6th week of embryonic development. The two methods are?
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Intra-membranous ossification and Endochondral ossification
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What Osteogenesis method produces spongy bone?
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Intra-membranous ossification
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What Osteogenesis method forms both compact and spongy bone?
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Endochondral ossification
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What is a process whereby cartilage is replaced by bone?
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Endochondral ossification
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What Osteogenesis method is used in forming the flat bones of the skull, mandible, and clavicle?
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Intra-membranous ossification
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Bone forms from ____ cells that develop within a membrane – without going through a cartilage stage
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mesenchymal
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Intra-membranous ossification occurs in what four steps?
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Development of the ossification center, Calcification, Formation of Trabeculae, and development of the periosteum.
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Endochondral ossification occurs in what six steps?
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Development of the cartilage model, Growth of the cartilage model, Development of the medullary cavity, Development of the secondary ossification center, and formation of articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate.
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Ossification contributing to bone length is usually complete by ___-___ years of age.
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18-21
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Bones can still continue to thicken and are capable of repair even after the ____ ____ plates have closed.
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epiphyseal growth
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The epiphyseal plate becomes the epiphyseal ____ when the bone matures.
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Line
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Mesenchyme (stem) bone cells mature into?
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Osteogenic bone cells
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Osteogenic bone cells mature into?
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Osteoblast bone cells (Building)
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Osteoblast bone cells mature into?
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Osteocytes (maintenance)
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What product is derived from the breaking down of bone by Osteoclast?
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Calcium
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Calcium is important for neural communication and?
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Muscle contraction, bone formation, neural communication
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Osteoblast and Osteoclast communicate with each other to provide what?
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Bone remodeling
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Human growth hormone is one of the body’s many anabolic hormones. Among other things, its secretion will stimulate bone growth, muscle growth, loss of fat, and?
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increased glucose output in the liver.
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In bone remodeling, do Osteoblast reduce or increase the amount of calcium in the blood?
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Reduce
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In bone remodeling, is calcitonin associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?
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Osteoblast
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In bone remodeling, is the increase of calcium is associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?
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Osteoclast
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In bone remodeling, the Parathyroid hormone (PTH) is associated with Osteoblast or Osteoclast?
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Osteoclast
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Vitamin A stimulates activity of?
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osteoblasts.
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Vitamin C is needed for synthesis of?
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collagen
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What vitamin is essential to healthy bones because it promotes the absorption of calcium from foods in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood?
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Vitamin D
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Vitamins K and B12 are needed for synthesis of?
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bone proteins.
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What are key contributors to normal bone metabolism?
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Hormones
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During childhood, the hormones most important to bone growth are ___ and growth factors called?
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human growth hormone (hGH),
IGFs (produced by the liver). |
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Thyroid hormones and ____ also promote bone growth by stimulating osteoblasts and protein synthesis.
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insulin
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The sex hormones ____ and ____ cause a dramatic effect on bone growth, such as the sudden “growth spurt” that occurs during the teenage years.
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(estrogen and testosterone)
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Parathyroid hormone (PTH) and ____ are critical for balancing the levels of calcium and phosphorus between blood and bone.
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calcitonin
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Vitamin D is needed for absorption of the Ca2+ (Calicum) and ____ ions from the small intestine, and reabsorption of those same ions in the kidneys.
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(Phosphate) PO4–
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What kind of fracture occurs when one side of the bone breaks and the other side bends?
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Greenstick
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What kind of fracture occurs when one end of the fractured bone is forcefully driven into the interior of the other?
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Impacted
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What kind of fracture occurs when the bone is splintered, crushed, or broken into pieces at the site of impact, and smaller bone fragments lie between the two main fragments?
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Comminuted
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What kind of fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone protrude through the skin ?
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Open (Compound)
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What kind of fracture occurs when the broken ends of the bone do not break the skin?
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Closed (Simple)
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What kind of fracture occurs in the distal end of the lateral leg bone (fibula), with serious injury of the distal tibial articulation?
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Pott
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What kind of fracture occurs when the distal end of the lateral forearm bone (radius) in which the distal fragment is displaced posteriorly?
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Colles’
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A Pathological fracture is caused from?
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Usually from a cancerous process or severe chronic disease
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A compression fracture is caused by?
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produced by extreme forces such as in trauma
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Stress fracture is produced from?
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Repeated strenuous activities such as running
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Once a bone is fractured, repair proceeds in a predictable pattern. The first step, which occurs 6-8 hours after injury, is the formation of a?
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fracture hematoma as a result of blood vessels breaking in
the periosteum and in osteons. |
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The second and third steps of bone repair involve the formation of a?
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Bone callus (takes a few weeks, to as many as six months).
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The fourth step of bone repair is?
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Bone remodeling.
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A decrease in bone mass occurs as the level of sex hormones diminishes during what age?
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middle age (especially in women after menopause).
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There are two principal effects of aging on bone tissue. They are?
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Loss of bone mass, and Brittleness
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Osteoporosis is a condition where bone resorption outpaces?
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Bone deposition, Often due to depletion of calcium from the body or inadequate intake
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Starting from the diaphysis and proceeding to the epiphysis list the zones of interstitial growth.
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Calcified Cartlidge, Hypertrophic Cartlidge, Proliferating Cartlidge and Resting Cartlidge.
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