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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Name the two major types of structures composing the lymphatic system |
Lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissue and organs |
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Describe the source of lymph, and explain its formation and transport |
- Lymph, which begins as tissue fluid derived from blood capillaries, enters the lymph capillaries, travels through the lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes, and enters the bloodstream through the veins. The lymphatic vessels act primarily to pick up lymph. |
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Describe the function of lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, the thymus, Petersburg patches, and the spleen |
- Lymph Nodes: monitor composition of lymph, removes foreign material by producing lymphocytes. - Tonsils: capture bacteria and antigens entering respiratory system. - Peyer's Patches: capture and destroy intestinal bacteria in the digestive tract - Thymus: program lymphocytes during childhood. - Spleen: blood reservoir, filters and destroys old or damaged red blood cells. |
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Explain how the lymphatic system is functionally related to the cardiovascular and immune systems |
- Immune: The lymph nodes in particular help protect the body by removing foreign material such as bacteria and tumor cells from the lymphatic stream and by producing lymphocytes that function in the immune response. - Cardiovascular: thin walled, valves, low-pressure, pumpless system, pressure changes in thorax, returns back to the heart |
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Describe the protective functions of skin and mucous membranes |
Skin and mucus are part of the body's first line of defense in the innate defense system. They both act as mechanical barriers. |
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Explain the importance of phagocyte & natural killer cells |
Phagocyte: A phagocyte engulfs a foreign particle and breaks it down/ digests it (phagocytosis - lysosome fuses with pathogen and breaks it down). Natural killer cells: Promote cell lysis by direct cell attack against virus-infected or cancerous body cells, release inflammatory chemicals; not specific. |
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Describe the inflammatory process |
- The inflammatory response prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissue, disposing of cell debris and pathogens, and sets the stage for repair. - Damaged cells release chemicals and histamine, which (1) causes blood vessels to dilate and capillaries to become leaky, (2) activate PAIN receptors, and (3) attract phagocytes and white blood cells to the area (CHEMOTAXIS). - (1) Neutrophils (first phagocytes to migrate into the injured area) enter the blood from bone marrow, (2) squeeze through capillary walls (diapedesis), (3) positive chemotaxis is when neutrophils gather in the injured area and devour foreign material, and (4) Fibrin mesh walls off the area of injury - Dilation of the blood vessels increases blood flow to the site area which causes REDNESS and HEAT. Leaky capillaries cause SWELLING. |
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Name several antimicrobial substances produced by the body that act in innate body defense |
- Antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or hindering their ability to reproduce. - Compliment: a group of plasma proteins that amplifies the immune response by causes lysis (bursting) of cellular pathogens once it has been "fixed" to their surface. - Interferon proteins diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors, prevents those cells from being infected; interferon is synthesized when a cell has a viral infection |
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Describe how fever helps protect the body |
Takes zinc and iron away from bacteria to reduce multiplication, speeds up repair process. |
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Define antigen and hapten and name the substances that act as complete antigens |
- Antigen: any substance capable of mobilizing our immune system and provoking an immune response. - Hapten/ incomplete antigen: non-antigenic molecules that link up with proteins and seen in the immune system as harmful. |
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Name two arms of the adaptive defense system and relate each to a specific lymphocyte type ( B or T ) |
Humoral immunity: B cell Cell mediated immunity: T cell |
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Compare and contrast the development of B and T cells |
B cells: humoral response, antibodies, kills antigen - T cells: cell mediated response, thymus, natural killer cells, kills infected cells. - Both: lymphocytes, adaptive response, bone marrow, memory cell potential, bears a cell-surface receptor capable of recognizing a specific antigen, clones |
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State the roles of B cells, T cells, and plasma cells |
B cells make antibodies T cells kill virus infected cells Plasma cells only produce one type of antibody |
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- A protein released by macrophages and activated T cells that helps to protect other body cells from viral multiplication |
Interferons |
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Any types of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing. |
Chemotaxis factors |
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Any types of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing. |
Chemotaxis factors |
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Bound to surface of B cell. ("BeD" or "emBeD") |
IgD |
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Any types of molecules that attract neutrophils and other protective cells into a region where an immune response is ongoing. |
Chemotaxis factors |
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Bound to surface of B cell. ("BeD" or "emBeD") |
IgD |
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Predominant antibody found in mucus, saliva, and tears. ("achoo" for mucus) |
IgA |
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Binds to the surface of mast cells and mediates an allergic response. ("E! Its an allergy") |
IgE |
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Crosses the placenta, fixes complement, the most abundant antibody found in blood plasma and the chief antibody released during secondary response. ("goo goo gah gah" for placenta; "gross" for most abundant; baby is compliment in life) |
IgG |
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First antibody in first response (1st there needs to be a Mom to have a baby), compliment (Mom compliments baby), pentamer (Mom had 5 kids) |
IgM |
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Tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another. (auto = self) |
Autografts |
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Tissue grafts donated by an identical twin. (iso = equal) |
Isografts |
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Tissue grafts from any person other than identical twin. (allo = other) |
Allografts |
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Tissue graft from another animal species. (xeno = alien) |
Xenografts |
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Tissue graft from another animal species. (xeno = alien) |
Xenografts |
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- Abnormal function/production of cells - ex: AIDS, SCID |
Immunodeficiencies |
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Vigorous immune responses overreacting to a harmless "threat" |
Allergies |
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Allergen enters the blood and circulates through the body becoming life-threatening; Epi pens provide Adrenalin. |
Anaphylactic shock |
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Outer part of lymph node structure |
Cortex |
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Outer part of lymph node structure |
Cortex |
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Inner part of lymph node that contains phagocytic macrophages |
Medulla |
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Trace the flow of lymph through nodes |
-Lymph enters the cortex through afferent lymphatic vessels -lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node - lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels - flow slowed Bc fewer efferent that afferent vessels |
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Trace the flow of lymph through nodes |
-Lymph enters the cortex through afferent lymphatic vessels -lymph flows through a number of sinuses inside the node - lymph exits through efferent lymphatic vessels - flow slowed Bc fewer efferent that afferent vessels |
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Lymphatic organs |
-spleen -thymus -tonsils -Peyers patches |
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Located on left side of the abdomen and filters blood |
Spleen |
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Mechanisms protect against variety of invaders responds immediately to protect body from foreign materials |
Innate defense system |
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Specific defense is required for each type of invader |
Adaptive defense system |
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Cells such as neutrophils and macrophages. Engulf foreign material into vacuole. Enzymes from lysosomes digest the material |
Phagocytes |
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Second line of defense |
-phagocytes -natural killer cells -inflammatory response -antimicrobial -fever |
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-can disintegrate or dissolve And kill cancer cells -can destroy virus-infected cells |
Natural killer cells |
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- Triggered when body tissues are injured - 4 most common indicators of acute inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain |
Inflammatory response |
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- Triggered when body tissues are injured - 4 most common indicators of acute inflammation: redness, heat, swelling, pain |
Inflammatory response |
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3rd line of defense |
- immune response is the immune system response to a threat -immunity is the study of immunity - antibodies are proteins that protect from pathogens |