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100 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In establishing the Second Empire, Napoleon III |
received the overwhelming electoral support of the people.
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Under the "liberal empire" of Napoleon III in the 1860's
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trade unions and the right to strike were legalized.
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Among Napoleon III's great domestic projects was
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a reconstruction of Paris with broad boulevards, public squares, and municipal utilities.
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In economic matters, Napoleon III
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b. used government resources to stimulate the national economy and industrial growth
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Napoleon's most disastrous foreign policy adventure occurred in
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Mexico
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In the opinion of the British prime minister, the proclamation of a newly unified German state ruled by an emperor in 1871
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entirely destroyed the previous European balance of power.
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The immediate origins of the Crimean War involved
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Russia's right to protect Christian shrines in Palestine.
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An overall result of the Crimean War was
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the destruction of the Concert of Europe and the creation of opportunities for Italian and German national unification.
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In seeking unification, many Italian nationalists in the 1850's looked for leadership from
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the kingdom of Piedmont.
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The prime minister of Piedmont who organized the Italian unification movement was
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Camillo di Cavour.
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The dominant foreign power in Italy prior to unification was
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Austria.
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Cavour's key strategy to free Italy from Austrian domination required the military and diplomatic support of
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France
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The leader of the Red Shirts who helped to unify Italy through his military command was
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Giuseppe Garibaldi.
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The final act of Italian unification occurred in 1870 when
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Rome became the capital city following the withdrawal of French troops.
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Among the key motives prompting England and France to fight Russia in the Crimean War must be counted
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Britain's great concern over disruption of the existing balance of power
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Otto von Bismarck, the Prussian-born leader of German unification,
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practiced Realpolitik in conducting domestic and foreign policy.
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The emergence of a true parliamentary system in Prussia was blocked by
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the king's overwhelming executive power.
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The Zollverein describes
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the German states' customs union dominated by Prussia.
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As chancellor of Prussia, Otto von Bismarck
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largely bypassed parliament in pursuing his political goals of military modernization.
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A result of Bismarck's Austro-Prussian War was
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the exclusion of Austria from the North German Confederation.
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As a statesman, Bismarck can best be appreciated as
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a consummate politician and opportunist capitalizing on unexpected events and manipulating affairs to his favor.
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The immediate origins of the Franco-Prussian War concerned
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Bismarck's devious editing of a telegram from King William I.
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During the Franco-Prussian War
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the French were decisively defeated at the Battle of Sedan.
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As a consequence of her defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France had to
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A and C (pay an indemnity to Prussia of five billion Francs/give the eastern frontier provinces of Alsace and Lorraine to Prussia, a loss leaving the French set on revenge.)
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Prussian leadership of German unification meant that
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the triumph of authoritarian and militaristic values over liberal and constitutional values in the new German state.
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In 1871, William I was proclaimed Kaiser, or emperor, of the Second Reich in
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Versailles.
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The Ausgleich or Compromise of 1867
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created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary.
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The creation of the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary
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allowed the Hungarian Magyars and German Austrians to dominate the other ethnic minorities.
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The reforms of Tsar Alexander II centered around
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the abolition of serfdom.
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The Russian zemstvos were
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local assemblies with regional self-governing powers.
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The radical organization responsible for the assassination of Tsar Alexander II in 1881 was
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the People's Will.
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The British Liberal responsible for an impressive series of reform acts between 1868 and 1874 was
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William Gladstone.
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Among the key political consequences of Disraeli's Reform Act of 1867 was
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a large increase in the number of voters and tighter organization of Liberal and Conservative political parties.
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The American Civil War of 1861-65
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was a clear precursor of "total war" in the twentieth century.
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The Communist Manifesto of Marx and Engels
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based all historical development on class struggle.
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Karl Marx embraced the German philosopher Hegel's idea of the dialectic, meaning
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all change in history is the result of clashes between directly antagonistic elements.
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According to Karl Marx, the final product of the struggle between bourgeoisie and proletariat would
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a classless society.
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The First International
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served as a type of umbrella organization for all European labor interests.
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The theoretical discoveries in science in the nineteenth century led to all of the following except
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a renewal of spiritual belief.
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Which of the following statements best applies to Charles Darwin and his evolutionary theory?
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His theory emphasized the idea of the "survival of the fit" in which advantageous natural variants and environmental adaptations in organisms determine their survival
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Charles Darwin's The Descent of Man
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argued for the animal origins of human beings, who had evolved by adapting to their environment over time
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Joseph Lister was most noted in medicine for
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discovering a new disinfectant to eliminate infections during surgery
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Elizabeth Blackwell
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became the first formally educated female doctor in America.
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Auguste Comte was responsible for
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founding the discipline of sociology.
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The dominant literary and artistic movement in the 1850s and 1860s was
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realism
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The leading realist novelist of the nineteenth century was
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Edgar Allan Poe.
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In addition to examining everyday life, the literary realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in
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avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.
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Realist art in the mid-nineteenth-century
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was interested in the natural environment and in showing scenes from everyday life.
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The New German School in music emphasized
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highly emotional content.
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The nineteenth century composer associated with the concept of the Gesamtkunstwerk was
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Wagner.
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At the Congress of Vienna, the Austrian representative Prince Metternich pursued the policy of legitimacy, meaning
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wishing to restore legitimate monarchs on their thrones, preserving traditional institutions and values
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After Napoleon's defeat, the Quadruple Alliance
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restored the old Bourbon monarchy to France in the person of Louis XVIII
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The Congress of Vienna
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created policies that would maintain the European balance of power
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The foreign minister and diplomat who dominated the Congress of Vienna was
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Klemens von Metternich
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Klemens von Metternich
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believed European monarchs shared the common interest of stability
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Conservatism, the dominant political philosophy following the fall of Napoleon
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was exemplified by Edmund Burke's Reflections on the Revolution in France, emphasizing the dangers of radical and "rational" political change.
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At its most elementary Burkean level, conservatism
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sought to preserve the achievements of previous generations by subordinating individual rights to communal welfare
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The Congress of Vienna was most successful at
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establishing an order that managed to avoid a general European conflict for almost a century
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The most important factor in preventing the European overthrow of the newly independent nations of Latin America was
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British naval power
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The Greek revolt was successful largely due to
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European intervention
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When protestors of high bread prices in England clashed with government authorities, the resulting conflict was known as the
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Peterloo Massacre
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By 1815, following the Congress of Vienna, the Italian peninsula
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remained divided into several states subject to the domination of other European powers
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The growing forces of liberalism and nationalism in central Europe were exemplified by the
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Burschenschaften, the student societies of Germany
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The Karlsbad Decrees of 1819 did all of the following except
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dissolved several smaller German states
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Following the death of Alexander I in 1825, Russian society under Nicholas I became
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became a police state, as the czar feared both internal and external revolutionary upheavals
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The argument that population must be held in check for any progress to take place was popularized by
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Thomas Malthus
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Which of the following statements best applies to David Ricardo?
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He developed the idea of the "iron law of wages."
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The foremost social group embracing liberalism was made up by
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the industrial middle class
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J.S. Mill's On the Subjection of Women stated that
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men and women did not possess different natures
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Central to the liberal ideology in the nineteenth century was
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an emphasis on individual freedom
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The growing movement of nationalism in nineteenth-century Europe
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was radical since it encouraged people to shift their political loyalty away from existing states and rulers
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The utopian socialists of the first half of the nineteenth century were best characterized by
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Charles Fourier, who envisioned cooperative communities called "phalansteries."
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In the July revolution of 1830,
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Louis-Philippe succeeded Charles X as king of the French
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King Louis-Philippe in France
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cooperated with François Guizot and the Party of Resistance against the Party of Movement
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The most successful nationalistic European revolution in 1830 was in
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Belgium
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The primary driving force in the revolutions of Belgium, Poland, and Italy in 1830 was
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nationalism
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The Polish national uprising of 1830 was crushed by
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Russia
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Which of the following statements best applies to Thomas Macaulay's thoughts on reform in Britain?
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He supported reforms as a means of prevent more radical revolutionary movements
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The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the
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upper middle-class
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The English Poor Law of 1834 was based on the theory that
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if the conditions of provision for state welfare were intentionally made miserable, then the poor would be encouraged to find profitable employment
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The revolution of 1848 in France ultimately resulted in
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a new French empire under Louis Napoleon
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Louis Blanc's "national workshops" in France
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became little more than unemployment compensation units through public works projects
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In 1848, the Frankfurt Assembly
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failed in its attempt to create a united Germany
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The uprisings in Austria in 1848 resulted in the
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exile of Metternich
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Giuseppe Mazzini's nationalist organization, Young Italy,
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failed to achieve his goal of "resurgence" by 1849
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Mazzini's risorgimento
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failed due to opposition of the French, the Austrians, and the pope
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Mass white male democracy in the United States was achieved during the presidency of
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Andrew Jackson
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Professional civilian police forces known as serjents first appeared in 1829 in
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France
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The politician who introduced the legislation that established London's first professional police force was
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Robert Peel
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Regular police forces and prison reform were geared toward
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the creation of more disciplined and law-abiding societies
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All of the following were characteristics of Romanticism except
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the rejection of the supernatural and unfamiliar
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The literary model for early Romantics was
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The Sorrows of the Young Werther, by Goethe
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The romantic movement can be viewed as a(n)
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reaction against the Enlightenment's preoccupation with reason
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The American romantic author of The Fall of the House of Usher was
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Edgar Allan Poe
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The most important form of literary expression for the romantics was
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poetry
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Which of the following were major themes/subjects of Romantic artists?
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landscapes and depictions of nature
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Romanticism in art and music was well characterized by
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Beethoven, whose compositions bridged the gap between Classicism and Romanticism
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In architectural styles, the Romantics were particularly attracted to the
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Gothic
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The Romantic artist whose paintings were described as "airy visions, painted with tinted steam" was
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Turner
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Religion in the age of Romanticism experienced
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a Catholic revival especially in Germany |