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92 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Secularization
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Moving away from religion
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Witchcraft Hysteria
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Many people (especially older women) executed for witchcraft in the 1500 and 1600s
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Thirty Years War
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1618-1638 religious & political struggle in the holy roman enpire
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Protestant Union
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Holy Roman union led by Calvanist the Elector Palatine Frederick IV
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Catholic Union
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Holy Roman Empire union led by Duke Maximillian of Baveria
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Bohemian Phase
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1618-1625 the first phase of the Thirsty Years War, begun when Calvinist nobles replace Catholic/Habsburg Bohemina king Ferdinand with Calvinist head of Protestant Union Elector Frederick V
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Battle of White Mountain
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Nov 8, 1620 - Deposed Bohemeian king Ferdinand (now Holdy Roman Emeror Ferdinand II) along with Maximillian of Bavaria's Catholic League defeats Bohemia under Frederick V
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Danish Phase
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1625-1629 the second phase of the Thirty Year War, begun when Danish king Christian IV, a Lutheran, sends army into Holy Roman Empire to help German Protestants defeat Catholics
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Albrecht von Wallenstein
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Bohemian Catholic commander who defeated Protestant forces at Dessau and Christian IV's forces in 1627
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Edict of Restitution
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1629 edict from Holy Roman Empire Ferdinand II which outlawed Calvinism
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Swedish Phase
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1630-1635 the third stage of the Thirty Year War begun when Swedish king Gustavus Adolphus came to aid German Protestants but was killed defeating the Ccatholics at Lutzen
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Franco-Swedish Phase
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1635-1648 the fourth and final stage of the Thirty Year War, begun when Catholic France under Louis XIII and his minister Cardinal Richelieu help the protestant against the Catholics because they fear the Habsburgs under Ferdinand II
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Peace of Westphalia
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1648 treaty that ended the Thirty Year War and returned the Holy Roman Emire to Charles V's Religious Peace of Augsburg idea of "as ruler goes religion" but extended this to include Calvinist
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Conscription
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Mandatory military service (i.e. the draft)
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Standing Armies
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Armies compromised of full-time soldiers that were maintained in wor and peacetime
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Absolutism
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Government run by "divine right" kings who had the power to make laws, tax, administer justice, control the state's bureaucracy, and make foreign policy
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Bishop Bousset
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Divine-right monarchy advocate whose book "Politics Drawn from the Very Words of Holy Scripture" said kings only answerable to God and therefore should have absolute power
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King Louis XIV
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French King (1643-1715) and perhaps the best example of an absolute monarch
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Cardinal Richelieu
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French minister to Louis XIII who helped strengthen the monarchy
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Intendants
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Richelieu's royal officials sent out into the provinces to collect taxes and enforce laws
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Taille
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An important French tax on land or property
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Regency
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A period when a new monarch is too young to actually therefore a guardian or regent rules
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Cardinal Mazarin
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Richeleiu's replacement and chief advosor to Louis XIV's regent and mother Anne of Austria
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The Fronde
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1648-1652 unsuccessful rebellion first led by nobles of the robe (non-military nobles) and later by nobles of the sword against the regency of Anne of Austria and Cardinal Mazarin
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Versailles
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Louis XIV's palace which came to symbolize Louis XIV's power and authority
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"One King, One Law, One Faith"
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Louis XIV's belief that France should be united
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Edict of Fontainebleau
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Louis XIV's 1685 law striking down the Edict of Nantes and making Protestantism (and especially Huguenots) illegal in France
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Colbert
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Louis XIV's finance minister who promoted mercantillism and fostered French manufacturing
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The War of the League of Augsburg
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1689-1697 Louis XIV's failed war to take over the Holy Roman Empire
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War for Spanish Succession
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1702-1713 Begun with Louis XIV's attempt to put a Bourbon on the thrown of Spain, eventually pitting France and Spain against England, many German princes, the Austrian Habsburgs & the United Provinces
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Battle of Blenheim
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1704 battle during War for Spanish Succession won by British under Churchill, Duke of Marlborough
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Peace of Utrecht
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Ended War for Spanish Succession by allowing a Bourbon (Phillip V) on Spanish throne, giving French lands in Canada to England, and Spanish lands in Italy to Austria
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Sun King
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Louis XIV's nickname indicating his power and importance in France
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King Phillip III
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King of Spain 1598-1621 whose greedy first minister the Duke of Lerma bankrupted Spain
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Phillip IV
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King of Spain 1621-1665 whose capable chief minister Guzman tried but ultamately failed to tame the nobles of Spain
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Battle of Rocroi
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1643 battle during the Thirty Year War where much of the Spanish army was destroyed
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Peace of the Prenees
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1659 treaty between Spain and France which marked the end of Spain's power and dominance
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Hohenzollern dynasty
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Royal family of German state of Brandenburg
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Brandenburg-Prussia
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Beandenburg took over state of Prussia in 1619 and changed its name to this
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Prussia
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Brandenburg-Prussia becomes this after 1640
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Frederick William the Great Elector
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Ruler of Prussia 1640-1688 who built a large and powerful army and improved the bureaucracy
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Frederick III
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1st king of Prussia 1688-1713 whose title indicated the growing importance of Prussia
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Austrian Empire
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Once a number of German principalities in SE Holy Roman Empire that unified under teh Habsburgs in the 1500s and 1600s and became an empire after defeating the Ottoman's and taking their SE European holdings in 1699
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Leopold I
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Emperor of Austria 1658-1705 who defeated the Ottomans at Vienna in 1687
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Treaty of Karlozitz
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1699 treaty that gave Ottoman lands in SE Europe to Austria thus creating the Austrian Empire
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Ivan IV (the Terrible)
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1st Tsar of Russia 1533-1584 who expanded Russia's territory and crushed the Russian nobles - boyars
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Time of Troubles
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1598-1613 period in Rissia with no Tsar and much fighting among nobles which ended when the nobles chose Michael Romanov to be new Tsar
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Romanov Dynasty
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Royal family of Russia from 1613-1917
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Russian Orthodox Church
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An offshoot of Catholicism that was prevelent in Eastern Europe
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Peter the Great
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Russian Tsar 1689-1725 whose policy of Europeanization included reorganizing the government, the military, the church and the economy and was designed to make Russia a power
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Holy Synod
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Religious office created by Tsar Peter the Great to help him control the church
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"Window to the West"
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Peter the Great's city of St Petersburg with a port easily accessible to Europe
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Battle of Narva
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1700 loss of Russia under Peter the Great to Charles XII of Sweden
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Great Northern War
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1701-1725 Russia eventually beats Sweden and wins it's "window" the city of St Petersburg
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Battle of Poltava
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1709 victory by Russia under Peter the Great v. Charles XII of Sweden in Great Northern War
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Peace of Nystadt
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Ended Great Northern War and gave much Swedish-controlled land in Baltics to Russia
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Charles XII
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Swedish king 1697-1718 who made Sweden powerful until losing to Russia in Great Northern War
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The Balkans
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Area in SE Europe controlled by Ottoman Empire & eventually taken by Austria in 1600-1700s
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Janissaries
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Fierce Ottoman Empire warriors who'd been born Christian but raised Muslim
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Sejm
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The Polish Legistature during the 1600-1700s
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William of Orange
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Important leader (Stadholder) in the Dutch Republic during the 1600s
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James I
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British King 1603-1625 and first Stuart who took over after Elizabeth I (Tudor) died
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Puritans
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English Calvinists who dominated Parliament and objected to James I Episcopal system
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Charles I
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British King 1625-1649 whose rejection of Parliament's Petition of Right led to the English Civil War
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Eleven Years Tyranny
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1629-1640 time when Parliament was not called into session and Charles I ruled as absolutist
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Long Parliament
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1640-1660 period during which Parliament was never dismissed and met continually
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English civil War
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1642-1649 Parliament supports (Roundheads) and King Charles I supportors (Cavaliers) fight for control of England
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Petition of Right
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1628 Parliament demands right to approve new taxes but Charles ! refuses to sign
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Cromwell
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Leader of Roundheads during English Civil War who would eventually establish a dictatorship
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New Model Army
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Cromwell's Puritan Army
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Rump Parliament
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What was left of Parliament after Cromwell dismissed the MPs that wanted to keep Charles I
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January 30, 1649
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Cromwell's Rump Parliament executes Charles I
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Levellers
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British who promoted civil freedoms during Cromwell's republic
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Instrument of Governemnt
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Cromwells constitution making himself Lord Protector who eventually ruled as a military dictator
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The Protectorate
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Term for Cromwell's military dictatorship
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Restoration
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1660 Charles II becomes king of England after Cromwell's death and the end of the Protectorate thus restoring the Stuart dynasty to England
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James II
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British King 1685-1688 whose Catholic leanings encouraged Parliament to replace him with William and Mary in the Glorious Revolution
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Glorious Revolution
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1688-1689 Parliament replace pro-Catholic james II with William and Mary proving that in England Parliament was more powerful than the Monarch
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Bill of Rights
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1689 parliament requries William and Mary to sign off on these which granted the right to make laws and levy taxes to parliament
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Constitutional monarchy
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Governments in which monarchs must obey laws and can't make them arbitrarily
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Hobbes
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English author of "Leviathan" 1651 which supported the idea of a powerful leader to keep people from destroying one another
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locke
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English author of "Two Treatises of Government" which supported the idea that people were capable of governing themselves
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man's "State of Nature"
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Term used by Hobbes (who belived it was all v. all) and Locke (who belived it was "equal and Free")
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Natural Rights
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Locke's term for rights he believed all humans were entitled to (life, liberty, and property)
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Mannerism
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Reformation artistic school of the late 1500 early 1600s that stressed intense emotion
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El Greco
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Mannerist artist from Greece who worked in Spain
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Baroque
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Reformation artistic school of the late 1600s which stressed order and balance, not emotion. Embraces by France because Baroque was associated too much with Frances enemy the Habsburgs
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Poussin
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French Classicist Painter
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Dutch Realism
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Artistic School of the 1600 and 1700s that focused on realistic portrayal of secular everyday life
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Rembrandt van Rijn (aka Rembrandt)
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Greatest Dutch realism painter
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Shakespeare
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Greatest British dramastist of the late 1500s early 1600s
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Lope de Vega
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Greatest Spanish dramatist of the late 1500 early 1600s
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