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200 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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the level of organization that included cells of similar structure and function would be a ___________.
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tissue
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which of the following systems protects underlying organs from drying out and mechanical damage?
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integumentary
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which of the following systems breaks down foodstuffs into small particles that can be absorbed?
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digestive
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which of the following systems contains kidneys, bladder, and ureters?
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urinary
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which of the following systems includes the following organs: breastbone, vertebral column, and skull?
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skeletal
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the liver is found in which of the following cavities?
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abdominopelvic
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the brain is found in which of the following cavities?
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cranial
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which of the following body cavities will be involved in coronary bypass surgery (heart surgery)?
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thoracic
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the nose and the belly button are on the ________ body surface.
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anterior
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the thoracic cavity is _____________ to the abdominopelvic cavity.
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superior
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the forearm is __________ to the upper arm.
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distal
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the knee is proximal to the foot. True or False?
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True
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anatomical position is characterized by all of the following except _____________.
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palms turned posteriorly
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when a capillary is damaged, a platelet plug is formed. the process involves platelets sticking to each other. the more platelets that stick together, the more the plug attracts additional platelets. this is an example of _____________.
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positive feedback
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put the following in correct sequence from simplest to most complex -
1. chemical 2. tissue 3. organ 4. cellular 5. organism 6. organ system |
1-4-2-3-6-5
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a vertical section through the body, dividing it into left and right, is called ______________.
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sagittal
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a coronal/frontal plane through the head could pass through...
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could pass through both ears
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which of the following would be regarded as an organic molecule?
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CH4
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plant cells store energy in the form of starch, and animal cells store energy in the form of _________________.
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glycogen
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which carbohydrate would you find as part of a molecule of RNA?
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ribose
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a phospholipid is usually __________
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partially polar and partially nonpolar
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select the most correct statement regarding nucleic acids
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DNA is a long, double-stranded molecule made up of A, T, G, and C bases
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a molecule of DNA or RNA is a polymer of ____________.
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nucleotides
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which statements about enzymes is false?
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enzymes raise the activation energy needed to start a reaction
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ATP is ...
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a high-energy molecule that can break down to ADP and phosphate
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enzymes are organic catalysts that ____________.
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increase the speed or likelihood of a chemical reaction
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which statement concerning DNA is NOT true?
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the bases of DNA are A, U, C, and G
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which of the following statements is not true?
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the heads of phospholipids of the plasma membrane are hydrophobic
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nonpolar molecules are generally soluble in water. True or false?
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false
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substances that prevent rapid or large swings in pH.
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buffers
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diffusion always causes substances to move from areas of higher concentrations to areas of lower concentration. True or false?
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true
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the RNA responsible for bringing the amino acids to the site for protein formation is the __________
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tRNA
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what lipid type is the foundation of teh cell membrane?
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phospholipid
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the building blocks of protein are called _________.
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amino acids
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which of the following organelles contains its own DNA?
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mitochondria
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in which phase of mitosis does the chromatin coil and condense?
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prophase
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in which phase of mitosis are chromosomes being pulled toward the poles?
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anaphase
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the site of protein synthesis is ____________.
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ribosomes
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dense spherical bodies in the nucleus that are the synthesis site for ribosomal RNA
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nucleoli
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what chemical property characterizes the interior of the phospholipid bilayer?
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it is hydrophobic
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it is impossible to see chromosomes in an interphase cell because...
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they are an extended threadlike form called chromatin
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phospholipids _______________.
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are both hydrophilic and hydrophobic in nature
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which organelles packages, modifies, and segregates proteins for secretion from teh cell?
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golgi apparatus
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if a cell is in an isotonic environment, then which of the following is true?
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osmosis still occurs, but there is no net gain or loss of cell volume
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when a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution..
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water exits the cell toward the area of higher solute concentration
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if the nucleotide or base sequence of the DNA strand used as a template for messenger RNA synthesis is AAGCTCTTACGAATATTC, then the sequences of bases in the corresponding mRNA would be...
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UUCGAGAAUGCUUAUAAG
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how many amino acids are coded in the sequence UUCGAGAAUGCUUAUAAG?
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6
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a phosholipid molecule has a head and two tails. the tails are found _________.
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in the interior of the membrane
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the organelle that consists of a stack of 3-10 membranous discs associated with vesicles
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golgi apparatus
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vesicles from the ER most likely are on their way to _____________.
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the golgi apparatus
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the epithelial membrane that lines the closed ventral cavities of teh body.
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serous membrane
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forms much of the fetal skeleton and covers the articular surface of long bones
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hyaline cartilage
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forms internal supporting framework of soft organs such as the spleen.
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reticular tissue
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merocrine glands produce their secretions by accumulating their secretions internally and then rupturing the cell. true or false?
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false
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intercalated discs and striations suggest the presence of skeletal muscle. true or false?
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false
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the reason that intervetebral discs exhibit a large amount of tensile strength to absorb shock is because they possess ___________.
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collagen fibers
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glands, such as the thyroid, that secrete their products directly into the blood rather than through ducts are classified as ____________.
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endocrine
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________ epithelium appears to have two or three layers of cells, but all the cells are in contact with the basement membrane.
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pseudostratified columnar
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which of the following connective tissue types attaches bones to bones and muscle to bones?
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dense regular
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the precursor, or germ cell, for bone cells is called a(n)
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osteoblast
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functions of adipose tissue include
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all of the above (nutrients storage, insulation against heat loss, and support and protection for organs)
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the tissue immediately responsible for body movement is _______________.
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muscle
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joe burned himself on a hot pot. a blister forms, and the burn is painful. joe's burn would best be described as a third-degree burn. true or false?
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false
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actively mitotic epidermal region, the deepest epidermal layer
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stratum basal
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the most dangerous skin cancer is cancer of the melanocytes. true or false?
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true
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when a patient is said to have "third-degree burns," this indicates that the patient has burns that cover approximately one-third of the body. ture or false?
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fase
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select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer.
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melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastisizing
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a needle would pierce the epidermal layers of the forearm in which order?
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corneum, granulosum, spinosum, basale
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keratinocytes are an important epidermal cell because ____________
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they produce a fibrous protein that gives the skin much of its protective properties
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the epidermis consists of five layers of cells, each layer with a distinct role to play in the health, well-being, and functioning of the skin. which of the following layers is responsible for cell division and replacement?
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stratum basale
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the papillary layer of the dermis is connective tissue heavily invested with blood vessels. the superficial surface has structures called ____________.
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dermal papillae
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which of the following statements best describes what fingernails actually are?
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fingernails are a modification of teh epidermis
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the sebaceous glands are simple alveolar glands that secrete a substance known as sebum. the secretion of sebum is stimulated by ______________
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hormones, especially androgens
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the layer of the epidermis immediately under the struatum lucidum in thick skin is the stratum ______________.
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granulosum
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which of the following cell types are found in the epidermis?
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all of the above (kkeratinocytes, melanocytes and langerhans' cells)
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an incomplete fracture or cracking of the bone without actual separation of the parts. common in children.
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greenstick
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bone fragments into many pieces.
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comminuted
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common sports fracture resulting from a twisting force.
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spiral
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hemotopoisis refers to the formation of blood cells within the red marrow cavities of certain bones. true or false?
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true
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what kind of tissue is the forerunner of long bones in the embryo?
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hyaline cartilage
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a fracture in the shaft of a bone would be a break in the ___________
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diaphysis
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the most abundant skeletal cartilage type is __________.
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hyaline
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which of the following is (are) not the function(s) of the skeletal system?
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communication
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vertebrae are considered ___________ bones.
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irregular
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osteogenesis is the process of __________.
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bone formation
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normal bone formation and growth are dependent on the adequate intake of ________.
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calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D
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a long bone forms by a process known as _____________ ossification.
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endochondral
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the vertebra that moves when you rotate your head "no"
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atlas
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the membranous areas between the cranial bones of the fetal skull are called _____________.
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fontanels
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the axial skeleton contains ____________.
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the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
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the hyoid bone is unique because _________
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it is the only bone of the body that does not articulate with any other bone
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the major function of the intervetebral discs is to ____________
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absorb shock
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which part of the vertebral column receives the most stress by bearing most of the weight of the upper body?
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the lumbar region
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the ______________ is known as the keystone of the cranium because it articulates with all other cranial bones
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sphenoid
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the paranasal sinuses serve to
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lighten the skull and enhance the resonance of the voice
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the areas of the vertebral column which curve outward (as in the thoracic segment of the vertebral column) are called __________.
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posteriorly convex
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which of the following is not a characteristic differentiating the male and female pelvis
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the male pelvis is titled forward in comparison with the female pelvis
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the largest and strongest bone in the body is the __________.
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femur
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calcium is necessary for ___________.
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all of the above (transmission of nerve impulses, muscle contraction, blood coagulation, and cell division)
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the condition in which the bones of children are inadequately mineralized, resulting in (among other symptoms) bowed legs.
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rickets
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all joints permit some degree of movement, even if very slight. true or false
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false
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hinge joints permit movement in only two planes. true or false.
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false
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movement at the hip joint does not have as wide a range of motion as the shoulder joint. true or false?
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true
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the elbow joint allows for extension and flexion only. true or false?
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true
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a movement of the forearm in which the palm of the hand is turned from anterior to posterior is supination. true or false?
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false
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flexion of the ankle so that the superior aspect of the foot approaches the shin is called plantar flexion. true or false?
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false
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a person who has been diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis would be suffering loss of the synovial fluids. ture or false?
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false
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a fibrous joint that is a peg-in-socket is called a ______________ joint.
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gomphosis
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if a patient was suffering from bursitis, this condition would be designated as inflammation of a(n) ________________.
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small sac containing fluid
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an immovable joint found only between skull bones is called a ________________.
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suture
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a joint is united by dense fibrocartilaginous tissue that usually permits a slight degree of movement is a ________________
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symphysis
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articulations permitting only slight degrees of movement are _____________
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amphiarthroses
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the gliding motion of the wrist is accomplished because of the _____________joint
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plane
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in the classification of joints, which of the following is true?
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all synovial joints are freely movable
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in symphysis joints the aricular surface of the bones are covered with _______________.
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hyaline cartilage
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the terms inversion and eversion pertain only to _______________.
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the feet
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compared to the shoulder, displacements of the hip joints are ___________________.
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rare because of the ligament reinforcement
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gouty arthritis is a painful condition caused by _________________.
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excessive blood levels of uric acid deposited as crystals in the soft tissue joints
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when a ballerina points the toes, it is known as ______________.
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plantar flexion
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presence of a synovial cavity, articular cartilage, synovial membrane, and ligaments are characteristics of what type of joint?
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hinge joint
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tendon sheaths _______________
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act as friction-reducing structures
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a sarcomere is the distances between two ______________.
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Z discs
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the thicker filaments are the ____________ filaments.
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myosin
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the myosin filaments are located in the _____________.
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A band
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serves as the actual "trigger" for muscle contraction.
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calcium ions
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once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract. true or false.
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false
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peristalsis is a characteristic of skeletal muscle. true or false?
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false
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a contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. true or false?
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ture
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during isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement. true or false?
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true
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one important function of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat. true or false
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true
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muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are attached. true or false?
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false
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with muscular dystrophy _____________-
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muscle fibers degenerate and atrophy
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a sacromere is ________________
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the area between two Z discs
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the striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by ____________________.
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the arrangement of myofilaments
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which of the following are composed of myosin?
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thick filaments
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during muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites?
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actin filaments
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which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell?
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endomysium
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the term aponeurosis refers to ___________.
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a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
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the oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ______________.
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myoglobin
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one functional unit of a skeletal muscle is ____________
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a sarcomere
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during vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down pyruvic acid for energy. as a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ____________
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lactic acid
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in an isotonic contraction, the muslce _____________________.
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changes in length and moves the load
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the muscle cell membrane is called the _______________.
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sarcolemma
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muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________________.
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secretion
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muscle tone is _____________.
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a state of sustained partial contraction
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the sliding filament model of contraction involves ______________.
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actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlapping
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muscles are only able to pull; they never push. true or false
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true
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what primarily determines the power of a muscle?
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the total number of muscle cells available for contraction.
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the muscle group that works with and assists the action of a prime mover is a(n) _______________.
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synergist
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which of these is not a way of classifying muscles?
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the type of muscle fibers
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efferent fibers of the peripheral nervous system may be described as motor nerve fibers. true or false?
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true
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the point at which an impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell is the ____________.
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synapse
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which of the following is not a function of the autonomic nervous system?
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innervations of skeletal muscle
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the term central nervous system refers to the ___________.
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brain and spinal chord
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the function of command center for the body is served by ___________________.
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central nervous system
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the autonomic nervous system _____________________.
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regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
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which of the following is not a function of the neuroglia?
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transmit impulses
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the peripheral nervous system ___________________.
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carries messages to and from the spinal chord and brain.
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afferent nerve pathways allow the impulse to travel ________________.
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from the organs to the brain
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the elaborate nature of the anterior end of the central nervous system in comparison to the posterior end is called __________________.
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cephalization
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a deep groove in the cerebral hemisphere is called __________.
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fissure
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most of the processing of visual stimuli occurs in which lobe of teh brain?
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occipital
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the body's "thermostat" (regulating body temperature) is found in the _____________.
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hypothalamus
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the primary motor cortex is located in the _________________.
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precentral gyrus
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the specific area that directs the muscles of the tongue during speech is called ______________.
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broca's area
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the primary function of the cerebral white matter is __________________.
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transferring information to different areas of the brain.
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this brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience.
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prefrontal area
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the brain structure that is responsible for precise timing and patters of skeletal muscle contraction.
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cerebellum
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petit mal seizures are found most commonly in children. true or false?
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true
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the layer of the meninges which provides the most protection from physical trauma.
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dura mater
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a transection of the spinal chord in the cervical region results in __________________.
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quadriplegia
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the functions of cerebrospinal fluid include all of the following except:
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relays electrical impulses from afferent neurons
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a patient frequently stops breathing briefly during sleep. this condition is called ______________.
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sleep apnea
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pressure, pain, and temperature receptors in the skin are ____________.
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exteroceptors
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nerves that carry impulses toward the CNS only are _____________
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afferent nerves
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the ventral root of a spinal nerve contains ________________.
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motor fibers
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receptors which respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch are called ____________________.
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mechanoreceptors
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you hear a crackling noise in the woods and interpret it to be the sound of the footsteps of a bear walking behind you. this is an example of ________________.
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perception
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the class of receptors which respond to changes within the musculoskeletal system.
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proprioceptors
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you enter a room and smell an aroma, but a few minutes later you no longer notice the smell. this is an example of ____________.
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adaption
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a reflex arc consists of several events occurring in sequence. place the structures where those events take place in the porper order.
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receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
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if the axon o f a nerve is severed, repair to the nerve is impossible. true or false?
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false
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preparing the body for the "fight-or-flight" response is the role of the ________________
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sympathetic divison
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cardiovascular effects of the sypathetic division include all except:
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dilation of the blood vessels serving the skin and digestive vescera
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most body organs are innervated by only the sympathetic division of the nervous system. true or false?
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false
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the "resting and digesting" division of the autonomic nervous system is the __________________
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parasympathetic division
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which of these effectors is not directly controlled by the autonomic nervous system?
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skeletal muslce
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the sensory layer of the eye is the ____________.
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retina
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the mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and the anterior surface of the eyeball sis the conjunctiva. true or false?
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true
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control of temperature, endocrine activity, and thirst are functions associated with the
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hypothalamus
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what is the main function of teh rods in the eye?
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vision in dim light
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what structure regulates the amount of light passing to he visual receptors of the eye?
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iris
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farsightedness is more properly called ________________.
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hyperopia
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light passes through the following structures in which order?
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cornea, aqueous humor, lens, vitreous humor
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tears enter the eye medially via the lacrimal punctum. true or false?
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false
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the pigmented layer of the retinal absorbs light to prevent its scattering. true or false?
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true
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which of the following is in the correct order?
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sound vibrations are transferred from the air to the tympanic membrane, to the malleus, to the incus, to the stapes, to the oval window
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the organ responsible for hearing is ________________.
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called the organ of corti which is housed in the cohlea
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pitch is related to the ____________ of a sound wave
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frequency
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the perception of taste relies only on the reception of molecules dissolved in an aqueous solution (saliva) by the taste buds. true or false?
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false
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