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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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language
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a set of sounds, combination of sounds, and symbols that are used for communication
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culture
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the sum total of the knowledge, attitudes, and habitual behavior patterns shared and transmitted by the members of a society
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standard language
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A language that is published, widely distributed and taught
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dialects
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Variants of a standard language along regional or ethnic lines
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isogloss
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a geographic boundary within which a particular linguistic feature occurs
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mutual intelligibility
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two people who can understand each other while speaking different languages or dialects
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dialect chains
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dialects distributed across space
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language families
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classifying languages together that have a shared but fairly distant origin
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subfamilies
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divisions within large families where the commonalities are more definite and the origin is more recent
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sound shift
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a slight change in a word across languages within a sub family
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Proto-IndoEuropean
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an ancestral Indo-European language that would give us the hearth of ancient Latin, Greek and Sanskrit
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backward reconstruction
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A technique to track 'sound shifts' and hardening of consonants "backward" toward the original language
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Nostratic
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ancestor of Proto-IndoEuropean
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language divergence
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new languages form where a lack of spatial interaction among speakers of a language breaks the language into dialects and then continued isolation divides the language into discrete languages
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extinct language
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a language without any native speakers
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deep reconstruction
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a technique where if it's possible to deduce a large part of the vocabulary of an extinct language, it may be feasible to recreate the language that preceded it
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language convergence
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if people with different languages have consistent spatial interaction this can occur. Collapsing two languages into one
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Renfrew Hypothesis
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claims from Anatolia diffused Europe's Indo-European languages; from the Western arc of fertile crescent came the languages of N.Africa and Asia from fertile crescent's arc ancient languages spread into present day S.Africa and S.W. Asia
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conquest theory
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Theory of how early Proto-Indo European speakers spread Westward on horseback, overpowering earlier inhabitants and beginning the diffusion and differentiation of Indo-European languages
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dispersal hypothesis
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hypothesis that holds that the that the Indo-European languages that arose from the Proto-Indo European were first carried eastward into S.W. Asia, next around Caspian Sea, and then across Russian-Ukrainian plains and onto the Balkans
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Romance languages
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Spanish, Italian, French, Portuguese and Romanian. Lie in the areas once controlled by the Roman Empire but were not subsequently overwhelmed
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Germanic Language
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English, German, Danish, Norwegian and Swedish. Reflect the expansions of people of Northern Europe to the West and South
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Slavic Languages
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Russian, Polish, Czech,Slovak, Ukrainian, Slovenian, Serbocroatian, and Bulgarian. Developed as Slavic people migrated from a base in present-day Ukraine close to 2000 years ago
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Lingua franca
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a language used among speakers of different languages for the purpose of trade and commerce
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pidgin language
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when parts of two or more languages are combined in a simplified structure and vocabulary
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Creole language
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a pidgin language that has developed a more complex structure and vocabulary and has become the native language of a group of people
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Monolingual Status
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countries in which only one language is spoken, exists
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Multilingual States
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countries in which more than one language is in use
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official language
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the language selected to promote internal cohesion; usually the language of the courts and gov't
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global language
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a common language of trade and commerce around the world
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place
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uniqueness of location
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toponyms
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place names
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