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61 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Urban sprawl
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Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing build-up area
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Why have factories moved to the suburbs?
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1. More space
2. Cheaper land 3. Truck access |
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Centric zone model
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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are spatially arranged in a series of rings
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Sector model
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Model of the internal structures of cities in which social groups are arranged around a series of sectors, or wedges, radiating out from the central business district
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Multiple nuclei model
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A model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups are arranged around a collection of nodes of activities
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European city demographics
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Cities built on or around old monumental building and more in suburbs
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Urbanization
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An increase in the percentage and in the number of people lviing in urban settlements
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Hinterland
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(Market area)
The area surrounding a central place, from which people are attracted to use the place's goods and services |
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Range
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(Of a service)
The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service |
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Threshold
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The minimum number of people needed to support the service
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Gravity model
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A model that holds the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely related to the distance people must travel to reach the service
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Rank size rule
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A pattern of settlements in a country, such that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement
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Market center
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Location/distribution influenced by site (land, labor, and capitol) and situation (transportation, $) factors
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Great lakes manufacturing
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1. Steel
2. Hub of US transportation network 3. Automobile manufacturing |
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CBDs services
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*Retail= services with high threshold, a high range, or serve downtown workers
*Business= offices cluster in center for accessibility |
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Where have US auto plants located and why?
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In suburbs for maximum distribution with low transportation costs
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Central business district
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The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered
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Bulk-gaining industry
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An industry in which the final product weighs more or comprises a greater volume than the outputs
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Where is the US steel industry located and why? (mid 1800s)
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Pittsburgh- ore and coal mines
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Where is the US steel industry located and why? (late 1800s)
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Ohio- iron in Mesabi range
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Where is the US steel industry located and why? (1900s)
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East and West coats- transportation
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Where is the US steel industry located and why? (Recent)
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Mostly closed (S. Lake Michigan)
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Significant industrial assets of the western great lakes region?
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Good transportation and it has iron ore and coal
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Industrial revolution
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A series of improvements in industrial technology that transformed the process of manufacturing goods
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Where did the IR begin?
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England, S. Scotland, in part because the region during the late 18th century contained a remarkable concentration of innovative engineers and mechanics
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Why has ranching declined in the US southwest?
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The land can't support the animals once we changed to fixed-location ranching. They needed water and crops to eat. Also, transporting was difficult because they couldn't travel long distances
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Crop rotation
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The practice of rotating use of different fields from crop to crop each year, to avoid exhausting the soil
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Double cropping
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Harvesting twice a year from the same field
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Pastoral nomads
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A form of subsistence agriculture based on herding domesticated animals
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Von Thunen model
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Why do unique types of agriculture develop?
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They developed to suit the climate, limited knowledge, and culture
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Vegetative planting
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Reproduction of plants by direct cloning from existing plants
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Indicators of development
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- GDP
-Economic structure -Worker productivity -Access to raw materials -Availability of consumer goods |
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Value added
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The gross value of the product minus the costs of raw materials and energy
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Why are MDCs more productive?
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They have acess to more machines, tools, and equipment
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Tertiary sector
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The portion of the economy concerned with transportation, communication, and utilities, sometimes extended to the provision of all goods and services to people in exchange for payment
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Primary sector
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The portion of the economy concerned with the direct extraction of materials from Earth's surface, generally through agriculture, although sometimes by mining, fishing, and forestry
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Per capita GDP is a good indicator of what?
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The economic development of a country
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Gross domestic product (GDP)
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The value of the total output of goods and services produces in a country in a given time period (normally 1 year)
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What does development refer to?
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A process of improvement in the material conditions of people through diffusion of knowledge and technology
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Frontier vs. Boundary
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Frontier is a zone separating two states in which neither state exercises political control
Boundary is an invisible line that marks the extent of a state's territory |
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Colony
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A territory that is legally ties to a sovereignty rather than completely independent
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The Fertile Crescent
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An area between the Persian gulf/Mediterranean sea
-Mesopotamia -Center for communication in ancient times |
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Nation
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Culturally defined group of people with a shared past and common future who relate to a territory and government
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State
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An area organized into a political unit and ruled by an established government with control over its internal and foreign affairs
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Race
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Identity with a group of people descended from a common ancestor
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Ethnic identity
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Identity with a group of people that share distinct physical and mental traits as a product of common heredity and cultural traditions
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Triangular slave trade system
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A practice, primarily during the 18th century, in which European ship s transported slaves from African to Caribbean to Europe, and trade goods from Europe to Africa
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Apartheid
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Laws (no longer in effect) in South Africa that physically separates different races into different geographic areas
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Nationalism
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Loyalty and devotion to a particular nationality
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Centripetal force
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An attitude that tends to unify people and enhance support for a state
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Nation-state
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Loyalty and devotion to a particular rationality
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Self-determination
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Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves
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Hierarchical religion
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A religion in which a central authority exercises a high degree of control
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Daoism
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Emphasized mystical and magical aspects of life rather than the importance of public service
*Banned by communists |
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Confucianism
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-Follow traditions
-Fulfilling obligations -Treat others with sympathy and respect |
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Islam
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-Monotheistic (1 God)
-Muhammed (messenger of God) -Gives to charity -Fasting during month of Ramadan -Muslims pray facing Mecca 5 times daily -Makes pilgrimage to Mecca |
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Lutheranism
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Christian denomination
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Universalizing religion
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A religion that attempts to appeal to all people, not just those living in a particular location
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Sect
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A relatively small group that has broken away from an established denomination
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Branch
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(Of a religion)
A large and fundamental division within a religion |