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101 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Which Element has a symbol of "C", and what is its function within the body?
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Carbon--Backbone of organic compounds
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Which element has symbol of "H", and what's its functions within the body?
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Hydrogen--composes water, organic compounds
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Which element has symbol of "O", and what is its function?
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Oxygen--needed to break down Glucose--> ATP
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Which Element has symbol of "N", and what's its function?
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Nitrogen--composition of proteins
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Which element has symbol of "Ca", and what is its function(s)?
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Calcium--makes up bone, used muscle contraction, blood clotting, nerve impulses
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Which element has symbol of "P", and what are its bodily functions?
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Phosphorous--found in bone, used in ATP
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Which element represented by symbol of "K", and what are its functions in body?
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Potassium--intracellular ion, nerve impulses
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Which element represented by symbol "Na", and what are its functions?
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Sodium--Extracellular ion, nerve impulse
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Which element has symbol of "Fe", and what are its functions?
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Iron--binds Oxygen (hemoglobin)
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Which element has symbol of "Mg", and what are its functions?
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Magnesium--body metabolism
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Which element represented by symbol of "S", and what are its functions?
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Sulfur--Component of many proteins.
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What is an Ionic Bond?
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Attraction of positive & negative ions
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Ionic compounds are called ____.
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Salts
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Cation
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Positively charged ion
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Anion
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Negatively charged ion
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Examples of Ionic Bonds..
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Sodium Chloride (NaCl)
Potassium Chloride (KCl) |
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Covalent Bond
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Elements share electrons
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Non-polar Covalent Bond
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Elements share electrons equally
Ex. Glucose (C6H12O6) |
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Polar Covalent Bond
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Elements do not share electrons equally
Ex. Water (H2O) |
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Ion
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Element with a charge
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Element with a charge called___
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Ion.
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Glucose--Polar or non-polar?
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Polar
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Would glucose dissolve in water? Why or why not?
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Glucose is polar, water is polar, so one would dissolve in the other--"like dissolves like."
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H2O--Polar or non-polar?
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Polar--is a solvent for many things.
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Are most proteins polar or non-polar? What does this mean as far as their solubility in water?
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Polar--dissolves in water.
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Amino Acids--polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?
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Mostly polar, but can be non-polar, so most dissolve in water.
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Sugars--Polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?
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Polar--dissolves in water easily.
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Fats--polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?
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Non-polar--does not dissolve in water.
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Carbon Dioxide--Polar or non-polar? Solubility in water?
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Non-Polar--does not dissolve in water
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Metabolism
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Sum of all chemical reactions in body
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Anabolism
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Synthesis of new molecules in body's cells & tissues.
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Catabolism
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Decomposition of complex molecules within body's cells & tissues.
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Exergonic
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Releasing energy
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Endergonic
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Requiring energy
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Would Metabolism be exergonic or Endergonic? Why?
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Exergonic, It is the sum of all chemical reactions--breakdown of substances for energy.
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Would Catabolism be considered Endergonic or Exergonic? Why?
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Exergonic, because it involves the breakdown of molecules to release energy.
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Anabolism--Exergonic or Endergonic? Why?
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Endergonic, because it requires more energy to synthesize new molecules.
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What is hydrolysis? Is this process Anabolism or Catabolism?
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The use of water to break down--Catabolism.
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What is the importance of water in the body? What does it mean in terms of transportation of certain compounds in the body?
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It makes up plasma and cell cytoplasm, many materials are dissolved in water of the body (proteins, sugars, etc.) So water is a very important medium for transporting water-soluble materials. Those that do not dissolve in water have to be further broken down to be transported.
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Adding water to Starch to further break it down to glucose molecules is an example of what process?
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Hydrolysis.
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What is Dehydration in terms of compounds? Give example.
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Taking water away to synthesize compounds.
Ex. Adding glucose molecules together to make starch. |
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Describe High heat of vaporization, in terms of water..
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It takes a very high heat to cause water to vaporize, or enter its gaseous state.
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Ph scale--the lower the number, the more ___ the solution. The higher the number, the more _____ the solution is.
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Acidic/Basic.
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What is PH scale?
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scale that indicates level of acidity/alkalinity of a solution based on scale of 0-14.
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What is acid? What does acidity mean?
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Acid is solute that dissociates in solution and releases hydrogen. A solution has to contain more hydrogen ions than Hydroxide to be considered "Acidic."
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How does a PH level of 1 differ from one of 2?
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PH level of 1 is 10x more acidic than one of 2! General rule of thumb when moving up one level on scale.
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What is "normal" PH range of the body?
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7.35-7.45
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Why is it important for body to maintain a normal PH range?
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It is essential for homeostasis because abnormal PH levels can cause serious problems to body, damage to tissues & cells, coma & other life-threatening conditions & illnesses.
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How does the body maintain normal PH range?
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By use of "Buffers."
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What is a Buffer?
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Compounds that stabilize the PH of a solution by removing or replacing hydrogen ions to make solution more acidic or basic as needed.
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What is the formula for bicarbonate, and how does it work to maintain PH?
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HCO3- / It make solution more Basic by bonding with hydrogen atoms in solution to remove them.
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A "weak base" is another name for ___
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Bicarbonate
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A "weak acid" is another name for ___
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Carbonic Acid.
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What is the formula & function of Carbonic Acid?
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H2CO3--It adds Hydrogen ions to solution to make it more Acidic if too basic.
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If bicarbonate picks up a hydrogen ion, what happens to PH?
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It increases and becomes more basic.
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Difference between Organic & Inorganic compound?
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Organic compounds contain Carbon, Inorganic do not.
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Three elements that make up Carbohydrates___
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Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.
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What is the main function of Carbohydrates?
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Energy source--broken down (catabolized) rather than stored for use by the body.
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What is a monosaccharide? Give examples.
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A "simple sugar." Or carbohydrate containing 3-7 carbon atoms.
Ex. Fructose, Glucose, Galactose.. |
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What is a Disaccharide? Examples?
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Dehydration of monosaccharides cause bonding of two to form disaccharide.
Ex. Sucrose (Glucose & Fructose), Lactose (Galactose & glucose), Maltose (2 units Glucose) |
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Is a Polysaccharide being formed from glucose an example of Catabolism or Anabolism?
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Anabolism, because it involves dehydration (the removal of water) to synthesize the polysaccharide from the glucose molecules.
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Digestion (break down of food) occurs by ______.
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Hydrolysis (adds water to break down molecules)
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What elements do fats contain?
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Hydrogen, Carbon
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What are the functions of fat?
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Healthy hair & skin, maintaining body temp, insulation of organs against shock, promotion of healthy cell function, etc.
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What is a triglyceride?
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Made up of Glycerol (three carbon backbone) and 3 long "C-H" chain of fatty acids.
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Is a triglyceride polar or non-polar? Will it dissolve in water? Why?
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Non-Polar, because it contains many C-H bonds, which are generally non-polar. It will NOT dissolve in water, due to water being polar.
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Saturated Fat--properties
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Carbon-hydrogen chains with no double bonds (completely saturated in Hydrogen).
Solid @ room temp/Should be minimized or avoided in diet. |
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Unsaturated Fat
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Contain double bonds in C-H structure.
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How are triglycerides transported in blood?
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By Lipoproteins, which surrounds the fats, enabling them to be dissolved in the blood and transported without blocking arteries.
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What is a Phospholipid?
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Molecules that have "polar" and hydrophilic (Likes water) head and "non-polar" hydrophobic (does not like water) C-H tails.
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What is special about the structure of Phospholipids?
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Its structure allows it to be very beneficial for cell membrane structure--hydrophilic head stays in center of cell near water, and non-polar tails are able to move in and out of cell (due to membrane also being non-polar)
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What is a Steroid?
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Type of fat made from Cholesterol, multi-ring structure, non-polar, so does not dissolve in water.
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What are four types of fat?
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Steroids, Phospholipids, Prostaglandins, and triglycerides.
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What are some examples of Steroids?
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Cholesterol, Testosterone, Estrogen.
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What are some elements found in Protein?
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Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen.
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What are the building blocks of Proteins?
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Amino Acids
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What are some functions of Proteins?
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Support, movement, transportation, buffering, metabolic regulation.
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Is an Amino Acid a protein?
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No, it is apart of a protein chain--the basic building blocks of Proteins, and by itself is not a protein but forms a chain of them when grouped with other Amino Acids.
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Amino Acids are linked together to make proteins by removing water. What is this process called?
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Dehydration Synthesis.
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Bonds formed from Amino Acids being liked together____.
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Peptide bonds
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What is an "essential" Amino acid, and how many different Amino acids are there?
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One that cannot be synthesized by body so must be obtained from proper diet. There are over 20 different types of Amino acids.
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What is unique about protein structure?
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It contains four levels (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary) within its structure--the latter of which are the most important for its essential functions.
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Why is protein structure so important?
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The structure of each specific protein is essential to its specific function in the body. If the structure is changed even slightly, it can change the function of the protein, and it will not work properly as it should, possibly causing much damage to the body.
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What is the Primary level of the protein?
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The Amino acid sequence--the individual amino acids form together to make the protein chain.
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What is the secondary level of protein structure?
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The winding & zig-zag of the sequence.
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Describe the tertiary level of protein structure and its importance.
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It is the three dimensional folding & bending of the protein structure, and its side chains attract or repel each other to form its unique shape. This level determines the protein's very unique shape that must be maintained for its proper function.
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Describe the quaternary level of protein structure.
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More than one amino acid chain--proteins can have many of these (more than one).
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Fibrous protein examples and functions
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Collagen--most abundant structural protein found in body--hair, nails, skin, bones, tendons, etc.
Keratin--a tough water-resistant protein found in surface of skin, nails, and hair. |
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Example of globular protein & its functions
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Hemoglobin--Made up of 4 amino acid chains, found inside red blood cells.
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What does the denaturation of a protein imply?
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That disruption or destruction of the secondary or tertiary levels of the protein structure, resulting in change in protein's function.
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Is denaturation irreversible? What causes it?
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It is sometimes irreversible, sometimes not--depends on situation. PH or temperature change can cause this to happen
(Ex. Frying an egg) |
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What is an enzyme?
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Proteins that catalyze (speed up) reactions in the cell.
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What are some characteristics of Enzymes?
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Unchanging--must be in order to facilitate reactions
Specific for certain reactions--1 for each reaction. Can be used over and over again (but only for specific reaction) They are proteins (which means shape is essential for function-0cannot be changed at all or function changes) |
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Most enzymes end in ____
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-ase.
Ex. Lactase (digests Lactose--sugar compound found in dairy products, milk.) , Galactase, etc. |
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What are some examples of Polysaccharides?
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Cellulose (not broken down by body)
Starches (carbs found in food) Glycogen (Storage form of carbs in body--for energy use later) |
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What are Prostaglandins?
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Type of fat made up of short fatty acid chains. Regulatory chemicals--regulates contraction of smooth muscle tissue, body temp, stomach acid, etc.
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What is the function of DNA?
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Stores genetic info that contains protein synthesis.
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Why does DNA control "who you are?"
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It controls all shape and physical characteristics of body.
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Function of RNA?
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performs protein synthesis as directed by DNA
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Nitrogenous bases
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Adenine, Thymine, Guamine, Cytosine (A, T, G, C)
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Structural differences between DNA & RNA?
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RNA consists of single chain of nucleotides, DNA has pairs of nucleotides.
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