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83 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
trace a bolus of food through the entire digestive system
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mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine (duodenum, jejunum, ileum), cecum, large intestine (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid),rectum, anal canal, anus
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Layers of the GI tract
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mucosa, submucosa, muscularis, serosa
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movement of food through the GI tract
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peristalsis; motility
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secretions of the stomach
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secretes gastric juice which contains HCl, pepsinogens (converts to pepsin) and gastric lipase; mucus which prevents digestion of the stomach wall
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HCl
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Hydrochloric acid; kills bacterial and denatures proteins; converts pepsinogen to pepsin
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Pepsin
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converted from pepsinogen; begins the digestion of proteins into peptides
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Gastric lipase
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splits milk butterfat into fatty acids and monoglycerides (most active in children)
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absorption in the stomach
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water, electrolytes, aspirin, alcohol
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Parts of the Small Intestine
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duodenum, jejunum, ileum
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Parts of the Large Intestine
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cecum, colon (ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid), rectum, anal canal, anus
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Digestive system
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ingests and digests food; releases and absorbs nutrients; eliminates indigestible remains
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Functional structures of the Digestive System
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mouth, esophagus, stomach, SI, LI,
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Accessory structures of the Digestive System
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these help process food; ingests and digests food releases and absorbs nutrients eliminates indigestible remains
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6 Digestive Processes
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ingestion; secretion, mixing and propulsion; digestion; absorption; defecation
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Ingestion
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taking food into the mouth
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secretion
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digestive and accessory organs release wagter, acid, buffers and enzymes
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mixing and propulsion
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done by smooth muscles that surrounds the digestive tract
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digestion
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mechanical - movements of tract that aid digestion; chemical - hydrolysis reactions that break large food molecules into smaller, usable molecules
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absorption
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digested molecules pass into blood/lymph for distribution around body
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defecation
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eliminating indigestible “leftovers”
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mucosa layer (protective epithelial layer)
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folded to increase surface area for absorption; some specialized gland cells that secrete: mucus, digestive enzymes, and hormones
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mucosa layer (lamina propia)
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loose connective tissue; blood and lymph vessels that transport food; MALT (mucosa associated lymph tissue); responds to pathogens in GI tract, nerves, and sensors
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submucosa
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aerolar connective tissue containing blood vessels,nerves, glands and lymph vessels
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muscularis
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skeletal muscle layer in the mouth, pharynx, upper esophagus and anal sphincter; smooth muscle in the rest of the GI tract; inner layer circular/outer layer longitudinal
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serosa
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thin outer layer of epithelium and connective tissue that protects, and secretes fluids to keep intestines moist
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protects the lining of the stomach
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surface mucous cells and mucous neck cells - secrete mucus to protect the lining cells from acid
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bolus
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food that is reduced to a soft, fleible, easily swallowed mass
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deglutition
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the movement of food from the mouth into the stomach; swallowing
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salivary amylase
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begins the breakdown of starches in the mouth to produce maltose; secreted by the salivary glands
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lingual lipase
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starts the breakdown of triglycerides into fatty acids and diglycerides; secreted by the tongue;
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chief cells
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found in the mucosa layer of stomach; type of gastric gland; secretes pepsiongen and gastic lipase
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parietal cells
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found in the mucosa layer of stomach; type of gastric gland; secretes HCl
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Stomach linings
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mucosa (mucous surface cells, mucous neck cells, chief cells, parietal cells); submucosa (areolar CT); Muscularis (3 layers-inner oblique, middle circular, outer longitudinal; serosa (part of visceral peritoneum
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chyme
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soupy mixture of food and gastric juices created in the stomach
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gastric lipase
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secreted by the chief cells of the stomach mucosa; breaks down short chain triglycerides into fatty acid and monoglycerides
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Trypsin
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produced in the pancreatic acinar cells; denatures proteins into peptides
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ileocecal sphincter
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located between the stomach and the duodenum of the SI
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rugae
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folds of the stomach lining which serve to increase surface area
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duodenum
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first 12 inches of the small intestine; where most of the digestion and absorption take place; location where chyme is mixed with secretions from the liver, gallbladder, pancreas that continue digestion
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jejunum
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the second segment of SI; 3 feet long; some digestion and absorption
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ileum
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the third segment of SI; about 6 feet long contains lymphoid tissues (Peyer’s patches) that destroy bacteria in the digestive system; little digestion takes place
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Villi of SI
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have capillaries that absorb and transport nutrients and a lacteal (lymph system capillary) to absorb fats
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plicae circularies
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circular folds; SI mucosa and submucoa that is folded into ridges increasing surface area for absorption and spirals chyme as it travels through intestine
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Mucosa of the SI
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consists of absorptive cells, goblet cells (secrete protective mucous), enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones) and Paneth cells (secete lysozymes that phagocytize bacteria)
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Submucosa of the SI
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Duodenum (contains Brunner’s glands, secretes basic mucus and neutralizes acids in chyme); ileum (contains Peyer’s patches that clean up bacteria)
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pancreatic amylase
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starches to maltose
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maltotriose alpha
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dextrin
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alphadestrinase
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alpha-dextrins into glucose
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maltase
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maltose to glucose
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sucrase
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sucrose to glucose or fructose
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lactase
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lactose to glucose and galactose
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Lactose Intolerant
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condition where the absorptive cells fail to produce enough lactase
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Protein enzymes of the SI
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carboxypeptidases; aminopeptidases and dipeptidases.
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lipid enzymes of the SI
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Bile salts emulsify triglceryides; pancreatic lipase breakdown triglycerides into fatty acids and monoglycerides
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nucleases
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breakdown nucleic acids into nucleotides
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Pancrease
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delivers pancreatic juisce into the duodenum via pancreatic duct
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liver
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produces bile salts necessary for the emulsification and absorption of lipids
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gallbladder
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stores, concentrates and delivers ile into the duodenum via the common bile duct
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haustra
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series of pouches of the large intestine
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polyps in the colon
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slow-developing benign growths that arise from the mucosa of the LI.
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fiber
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consists of indigestible plant carbs; insoluble (does not dissolive in water); soluble (does dissolve in water; reduces the risk of obesity, diabetes, cholesterol, etc
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CCK
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cholecystokinin; hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the mucosa of the SI; stimulated by the presence of proteins, triglycerides and fatty acids
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Effects of CCK
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stimulates the secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes, causes ejection of bile from gallbladder; inhibits gastric emptying and enhances effects of secretin
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Secretin
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hormone secreted by the enteroendocrine cells of the duodenum’s mucosa; stimulated by acidic chyme entering the SI
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Effects of Secretin
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stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice and bile that are rich in bicarbonate ions.
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Bicarbonate Ions
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neutralizes stomach acids; "turns off" pepsin; promotes pancreatic enzyme activity; released by the pancreatic acini
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6 functions of the liver
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Pancreatic islets
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islets of Langerhans; type of pancreatic cell; secrete hormones like insulin and glucagon; endocrine
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Pancreatic Acini
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secrete pancreatic juice; type of pancreatice cell; exocrine
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Functions of the liver
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metabolizes carbs, lipids and proteins; removes toxins, drugs and hormones from blood; excretes bilirubin; stores vitamins, iron and copper; phagocytizes old RBC, WBC and some bacteria; activates vitamn D
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Water Soluble vitamins absorbed in SI
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B and C by simple diffusion
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Fat Soluble vitamins absorbed in the SI
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A, D, E, K by simple diffusion
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deciduous teeth
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primary teeth
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Canines
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tear/shred food
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molars
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crush/grind food
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premolars
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aka bicuspids; crush/grind food
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incisors
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cut food
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parts of the tooth
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crown, neck and root
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Structure of the teeth
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made up of enamel, cementum, and dentin
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enamel
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hardest substance in body; protects from wear
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cementum
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bone-like, attaches tooth to peridontal ligament; connective tissue that lines tooth socket
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dentin
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calcified connective tissue that gives tooth shape and rigidity; encloses pulp cavity and root canals of root
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hiatal hernia
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protrusion of a part of the stomach into the thoracic cavity thru the esophageal hiatus of the diaphragm
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