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82 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the functions of the endocrine system?
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Homeostasis
Regulation of body activities |
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Which of these has glands WITHOUT ducts?
Endocrine vs. Exocrine |
Endocrine
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Which of these releases a product through a duct onto a surface?
Endocrine vs. Exocrine |
Exocrine
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Which of these releases a hormone directly into the bloodstream?
Endocrine vs. Exocrine |
Endocrine
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What kind of gland is the sweat gland, endocrine or exocrine?
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Exocrine because it releases sweat directly onto the skin
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What kind of gland is the thyroid gland, endocrine or exocrine?
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Endocrine
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What kind of gland is the mucous gland, endocrine or exocrine?
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Exocrine
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What kind of gland is the salivary gland, endocrine or exocrine?
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Exocrine
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What kind of gland is the adrenal gland, endocrine or exocrine?
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Endocrine
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Why is the pancreas both an endocrine AND an exocrine gland?
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Releases glucagon into the bloodstream (endocrine)
Releases juice in the liver (exocrine) |
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Which type of regulation is classified as having "frequency modulated signals"?
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Nervous regulation
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Which type of regulation is classified as having "amplitude modulated signals"?
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Endocrine regulation
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Why is nervous regulation more precise than endocrine regulation?
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Nervous regulation has a direct target
Blood is not as direct as an axon |
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intercellular chemical signal
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signal from cell to cell
i.e. hormones |
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What are the 3 types of intercellular signals?
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Autocrine
Paracrine Pheromone |
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autocrine signal
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intercellular signal between the same kind of cell
i.e. platelet to platelet |
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paracrine signal
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intercellular signal between two different kinds of cells
i.e. hormone to oocyte |
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pheromone
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Chemical substance secreted externally by some animals that influences the physiology or behavior of other animals
Not well detected or made very well in humans |
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hormone
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Chemical messenger that generates a specific response in specific cells
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Do all cells respond to hormones?
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No. Only cells with specific receptors can respond to a specific hormone.
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What are the 2 chemical classifications of hormones?
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Proteins
Lipids |
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Which class of hormones includes steroids?
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Lipids
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What kind of activation do proteins use?
What kind of activation do lipids use? |
Proteins use 2nd messengers.
Lipids use direct gene activation. |
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What kind of receptors do proteins use?
What kind of receptors do lipids use? |
Proteins use membrane bound receptors.
Lipids use intracellular receptors. |
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What do proteins derivatives stem from?
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Amino acids and peptides
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Why do protein hormones use 2nd messengers?
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Because they are too big to get though the cell membrane
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Identify the 3 groups of stimuli that control endocrine glands?
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Neural stimuli
Hormonal stimuli Humoral stimuli |
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neural stimuli
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Control of endocrine glands via nervous system
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hormonal stimuli
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Control of endocrine glands via another endocrine gland
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humoral stimuli
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Control of endocrine glands via something in the blood
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tropic hormone
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hormone that targets another endocrine gland
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neuroendocrine structure
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structure w/ neurons that target an endocrine gland and release directly into the blood stream
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Describe the structure of the pineal body.
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Little mass of neurons
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Describe the structure of the pituitary gland.
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Two parts, anterior and posterior.
Anterior is darker. Posterior is lighter and is actually NOT a gland; it is made of neurons. |
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What structure controls the pituitary gland?
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Hypothalamus
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Identify the function of the hypothalamus.
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Continuously monitor blood for blood concentration, sodium levels, hormone levels, etc.
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How is hypothalamus connected to the pituitary gland?
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Via neurons and a capillary bed
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How does the hypothalamus send orders to the pituitary gland?
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Via tropic hormones
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Is the hypothalamus an endocrine structure?
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Yes
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pitutary gigantism
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overproduction of GH, esp. before puberty that causes excessive growth and too much height
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Why does the overproduction of GH leave to too much height?
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Epiphyseal plates have not closed and therefore the individual grows more
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pituitary dwarfism
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dwarfism caused by lack of GH production; individual is proportional head to toe, but abnormally small
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What is the treatment for pituitary dwarfism?
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GH (growth hormone)
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achondroplasia
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Genetic disorder of bone growth in which an individual has short limbs
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What element is required to make thyroid hormone?
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Iodine
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What method does the thyroid hormone use to affect its target cells?
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Direct gene activation (like a lipid), even though it is a protein
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Identify the symptoms of an individual with hyperthyroidism.
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Underweight, high metabolism, and high body temperature
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goiter
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Caused by hyposecretion of TH due to lack of iodine in the body;
Physically characterized by an abnormally enlarged thyroid gland |
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What is the treatment for a goiter?
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Take iodine
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What causes the enlarged thyroid gland associated with a goiter?
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T3 + T4 + iodine = Thyroid hormone
If there is no iodine, T3+T4 will keep building up, but won't ever be complete until iodine is added. |
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How does calcitonin affect Ca++ levels?
How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) affect Ca++ levels? |
Calcitonin lowers blood Ca++ concentration levels.
PTH increases blood Ca++ concentration levels. |
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How does calcitonin affect osteoclast activity?
How does PTH affect osteoclast activity? |
Calcitonin decreases osteoclast activity.
PTH increases osteoclast activity to get Ca++ out of bones. |
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Identify the structures targeted by both calcitonin and PTH.
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Bone and kidneys
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Which type of diabetes is insulin-dependent?
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Type I
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What is the % of people with Diabetes Type I?
What is the % of poeple with Diabetes Type II? |
Type I: 3% (insulin-dependent)
Type II: 97% (non-insulin dependent) |
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Identify the age at which Diabetes Type I and Type II begin.
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Diabetes Type I: juvenile onset, commonly under 40 yrs old.
Diabetes Type II: adult onset, commonly over 40 yrs old |
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Identify 3 causes of Diabetes Type I.
Which of these is most rare? |
Nonfunctional insulin
Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic islets (thus, no insulin production) Nonfunctional insulin receptors (thus, lots of insulin, but cells cannot process it); most rare |
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Identify the 2 causes of Diabetes Type II.
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Adipose cells product chemicals that inhibit uptake of insulin.
High blood sugar over a long period of time. |
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Why is it possible for high blood sugar caused Diabetes Type II become Type I over time?
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Pancreatic islet atrophy due to cells not responding to (ignoring) the massive amounts of insulin
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A person with Diabetes Type I/II has lunch, but forgets their insulin.
What does the body use for energy? What does this result in? |
The body will use lipids/proteins for ATP.
Ketoacidosis will result, but it is most common in Type I. |
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hyperglycemia
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abnormally high blood sugar usually associated with diabetes
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insulin shock
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condition that occurs when the level of blood glucose drops sharply
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What is the treatment for insulin shock?
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Eat something sugary, i.e. candy, orange juice, etc.
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What are the female secondary characteristics?
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Less facial hair, breasts, wider pelvic girdle
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What is the female primary characteristic?
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Presence of ovaries (and other sex organs)
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What are the male secondary characteristics?
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More facial/body hair, larger muscles, wide shoulders, deep voice, Adam's apple
These traits are usually brought on during puberty. |
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What is the female primary characteristic?
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Presence of testes (and other sex organs)
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prostaglandins
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group of hormonelike substances that mediate a range of physiological functions
In the reproductive system, they further stimulate smooth muscle contractions in the uterus. |
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What stimulates the production of prostaglandins?
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Estrogens and oxytocin
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What does a high level of prostaglandins cause?
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Painful menstruation
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Describe the structure of a prostaglandin.
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naturally occurring, long-chain (hydroxy) fatty acids
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infundibulum
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stalk that attaches the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus of the brain
In general, any of various funnel-shaped parts of the body. |
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hypophysis
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another name for pituitary gland
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adenohypophysis
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the anterior lobe of the pituitary body that is responsible for sending hormones
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neurohypophysis
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the posterior lobe of the pituitary body that is filled with neurons
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anabolic steroids
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Compounds that promote the growth or synthesis (anabolism) of tissue, especially muscle
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diabetes insipidus
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condition in which the kidneys are unable to conserve water; thus, the individual suffers from frequent urine in large volumes
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diabetes mellitus
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condition in which too much glucose is lost through the urine
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Identify the gland that secretes melatonin.
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Pineal body
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When does melatonin output increase during the day?
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When it starts getting dark
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Identify which individual has the highest melatonin output and which has the lowest.
A. Child B. Adult |
Child - Highest melatonin output
Adult - Lowest melatonin output |
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Where is the thymus gland located?
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Beneath the sternum
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