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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
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developmental psychology
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branch of psychology studying PHYSICAL, COGNITIVE, and SOCIAL change throughout life
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zygote
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a fertilized egg, undergoes 2-week rapid cell division to become embryo
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embryo
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developing, fertilized human organism (2 wks. through 2 mos.)
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fetus
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developing human organism (9 wks. to birth)
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teratogens
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chemical and viral agents that harm embryo/fetus during prenatal development
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fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS)
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physical and cognitive abnormalities (e.g. facial misproportions in extreme cases) in children due to mother's drinking during pregnancy
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habituation
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decreasing responsiveness to a repeated stimulus
e.g. with mere exposure to visual stimulus, they lose interest |
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maturation
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biological growth processes enabling orderly changes in behavior, uninfluenced by experience
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cognition
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all mental activities associated with thinking,"", knowing, remembering, and communicating
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schema
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concepts or mental molds that we pour our experiences into, organize and interpret information
e.g. dogs, cats, love |
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assimiliation
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interpreting new experiences in terms of pre-existing schemas
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accommodation
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adapting current schemas to incorporate new info
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sensorimotor stage
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(Piaget) - birth to 2 yrs - infants interpret world through sensory and motor impressions (see, hear, feel, etc.)
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object permanence
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awareness that things continue to exist when not in perception
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preoperational stage
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(Piaget) - 2 yrs to 7 yrs -child learns to use language, still cannot comprehend concrete logic
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conservation
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concept that properties like mass, volume, and number stay the same throughout all forms of objects
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egocentrism
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difficulty a child (in preoperational stage) has in taking another's perspective
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theory of mind
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people's notions and behavioral predictions about their own AND OTHER'S mental states i.e. feelings, perceptions, thoughts
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concrete operational stage
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(Piaget) - 7 yrs to 11 yrs - child has ability to use logic on CONCRETE notions
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formal operational stage
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(Piaget) - bg. 12 yrs - children begin to logically think about abstract concepts
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autism
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child disorder indicated by deficiency in communication, social interaction, theory of mind (of others)
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stranger anxiety
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infants' fear of strangers (bg. at 8 mos.)
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attachment
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emotional tie with another;
children seek connection to caregiver, distressed when separated |
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critical period
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optimal period shortly after birth when organism must be exposed to stimuli/experiences to properly develop
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imprinting
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certain animals form attachments during a critical period
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temperament
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person's emotional reactivity and intensity
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basic trust
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(Erik Erikson) - sense that world is predictable and trustworthy;
formed through loving parents |
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self-concept
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understanding and evaluation of ourselves
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gender
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biological and social characteristics of male and female
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aggression
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physical or verbal abuse designed to hurt another
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X chromosome
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sex chromosome shared by males and females
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Y chromosome
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sex chromosome only in males
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testosterone
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most important male sex hormone that stimulates genital growth (fetal) and gender characteristics (puberty) in men
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role
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expectations that define how someone should behave in certain position
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gender role
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set of norms (expectations) for certain sex
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gender identity
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the sense of feeling male or female
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gender typing
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acquiring a traditional gender role
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social learning theory
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we learn social behavior through observation and imitation, and through positive or negative conditioning
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adolescence
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transition period from child to adulthood (puberty to independence)
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puberty
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sexual maturation when person is able to reproduce
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primary sex characteristics
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physical features that directly enable reproduction (genitals, ovaries, testes)
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secondary sex characteristics
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non-reproductive features indirectly related to sex (breasts, body hair, voice)
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menarche
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first menstrual period
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identity
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sense of self
Erikson: adolescent tries various roles to find self |
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social-identity
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sense of self relative to others in our relationships, i.e. "How do we fit in?"
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intimacy
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Erikson: ability to form close relationships;
primary task from adolescence to early adulthood |
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emerging adulthood
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the transition period between adolescent dependence and full independence
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menopause
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natural cessation/declination of menstruation/reproduction
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cross-sectional study
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study where people of different ages are compared
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longitudinal study
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same people are restudied/retested throughout their life
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crystallized intelligence
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accumulated knowledge/verbal skills which increases with age
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fluid intelligence
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ability to reason quickly and abstractly which decreases in late adulthood
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social clock
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culturally or socially preferred timing of events e.g. marriage, parenthood, retirement
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