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37 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
personality
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an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
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free association
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in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarassing
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psychoanalysis
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Freud's theory of personality that attributes our thoughts and actions to unconscious motives and conflicts
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unconscious
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according to Freud, a reservoir of mostly unacceptable thoughts, wishes, feelings, and memories. According to contemporary psychologists, information processing of which we are unaware
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Id
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the pleasure principle, demanding immediate gratification
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ego
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mediates among the demands of the id, superego, and reality. The reality principle, satisfying the id's desires in ways that will realistically bring pleasure rather than pain.
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superego
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represents internalized ideals and provides standards for judgement (the conscious) and for future aspirations
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indentification
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the process by which, according to Freud, children incorporate their parents' clues into their developing superegos.
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defense mechanisms
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the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality
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repression
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the basic defense mechanism that banishes anxiety-arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories from consciousness
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regression
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defense mechanism in which an individual faced with anxiety retreats to a more infantile stage
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reaction formation
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defense mechanism where the ego unconsciously switches unacceptable impulses into their opposites. People may express feelings that are the opposite of their anxiety-arousing unconscious feelings
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projection
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defense mechanism by which people disguise their own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
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rationalization
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defense mechanism that offers self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening, unconscious reasons for one's actions
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displacement
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defense mechanism that shifts sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person, as when redirecting anger toward a safer outlet.
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projective test
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a personality test, such as Rorschach or TAT, that provides ambiguous stimuli designed to trigger projection of one's inner synamics
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Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
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A projective test in which people express their inner feelings and interests through the stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
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Rorschach Inkblot Test
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the most widely used projective test, a set of 10 inkblots, seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing their interpretations of the blots
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collective unconscious
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Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history
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unconditional positive regard
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according to Rogers, an attitude of total acceptance toward another person
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self-concept
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all our thoughts and feelings about ourselves, in answer to the question, "Who am I?"
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trait
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a characteristic pattern of behavior or a disposition to feel and act, as assessed by self-report inventories and peer reports
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personality inventory
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a questionnaire on which people respond to items designed to gauge a wide range of feelings and behaviors; used to access selected personality traits
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Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
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the most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests. Originally developed to identify emotional disorders, this test is now used for many other screening purposes
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empirically derived test
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a test developed by testing a pool of items and then selecting those that discriminate between groups
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social-cognitive perspective
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views behavior as influenced by the interaction between persons and their social context
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reciprocal determinism
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the interacting influences between personality and environmental factors
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personal control
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our sense of controlling our environment rather than feeling helpless
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external locus of control
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the perception that chance or outside forces beyond one's personal control determine one's fate
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internal locus of control
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the perception that one controls one's own fate
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learned helplessness
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the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events
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spotlight effect
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overestimating others' noticing and evaluating our appearance, performance, and blunders (as if we presume a spotlight shines on us)
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self-esteem
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one's feelings of high or low self-worth
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self-serving bias
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readiness to perceive oneself favorably
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individualism
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giving priority to one's own goals over group goals, and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications
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collectivism
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giving priority to the goals of one's group and defining one's identity accordingly
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terror-management theory
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proposes that faith in one's worldview and the pursuit of self-esteem provide protection against a deeply rooted fear of death.
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