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80 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The human reproductive system does what 4 things?
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Produces
Stores Nourishes Transports |
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Functional male and female reproductive cells.
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Gametes
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Reproductive organs that produce gametes and hormones.
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Gonads
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receives and transports the gametes.
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Ducts
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They secrete fluids into the ducts of the reproductive system or into other excretory ducts.
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Accessory glands and organs
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collectively known as the external genitalia.
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Perineal structures
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Reproductive system includes:(4)structures
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Gonads, Ducts, Accessory glands and organs, Perineal structures
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They are paired structures extending between the abdominopelvic cavity and the testes.
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The Spermatic Cords
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Ductus deferens & Blood vessels are contained within the ___ ___
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The Spermatic Cords
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Structures include: The deferential artery,
A testicular artery, Pampiniform plexus of a testicular vein. |
The Spermatic Cords
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large interstitial cells responsible for the production of androgens, the dominant sex hormones in males.
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cells of Leydig
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the most important male androgen
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Testosterone
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begins at the outermost layer of cells in the seminiferous tubules and proceeds toward the lumen.
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Spermatogenesis
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stem cells called ____ divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells
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spermatogonia
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spermatogonia divide by mitosis to produce daughter cells, some of which differentiate into ___ ___
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primary spermatocytes
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___ ____ are the cells that begin meiosis
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Primary spermatocytes
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For each primary spermatocyte that enters meiosis, four _____ are produced.
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spermatids
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In the last step of spermatogenesis, each spermatid matures into a single _____, or ______
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spermatozoon, or sperm.
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Functions of Sustentacular Cells (Sertolli Cells): (6)
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1. Maint.Blood-Testis Barrier
2. Support Mitosis & Meiosis 3. Support of Spermiogenesis 4. Secretion of Inhibin |
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Functions of Sustentacular Cells (Sertolli Cells): (6)
....CONTINUED..... |
5. Secretion of Androgen-Binding Protein.
6. Secretion of Müllerian-Inhibiting Factor (MIF). |
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3 functions of the epididymis:
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1. It Monitors and Adjusts the Composition of the Fluid Produced By the Seminiferous Tubules.
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3 functions of the epididymis:
....CONTINUED..... |
2. It Acts as a Recycling Center for Damaged Spermatozoa.
3.Stores Protects Spermatozoa |
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It carries sperm from the epididymis to the urtethra.
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Ductus deferens AKA vas deferens
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The wall of the ___ ___ contains a thick layer of smooth muscle.
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ductus deferens
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What propels spermatozoa and fluid along the ductus deferens?
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Peristaltic contractions
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The ___ glands are situated at the base of the penis, covered by the fascia of the urogenital diaphragm.
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paired bulbourethral glands, or Cowper's glands
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They secrete a thick mucus that neutralizes urinary acids & lubricates the glans.
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The Bulbourethral Glands, or Cowper's glands
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A typical ejaculation releases ___ of semen
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2-5 ml
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The male external organ of copulation
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The penis
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The expanded distal end that surrounds the external urethral meatus.
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The glans
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Surrounds the tip of the penis
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Prepuce or foreskin
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Gland in the skin of the neck and inner surface of the prepuce that secretes smegma
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Preputial glands
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Surrounds the penile urethra
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The corpus spongiosum
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causes the secretion of testosterone and other androgens by the testes
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LH
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The ovaries, uterine tubes, and uterus are enclosed within an extensive mesentery known as the __ __
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broad ligament
(like a blanket) |
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Oocyte transport involves a combination of __ & __ in the walls of the uterine tube.
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ciliary movement and peristaltic contractions
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The uterine tubes transport a secondary oocyte for ___ & ___
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final maturation and fertilization
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Provides mech. protection; nut. support; and waste removal for the developing embryo and fetus
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The uterus
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term used for zygote from week 1 to week 8
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embryo
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term used for zygote from week 9 to delivery
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fetus
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Arise on the lateral margins of the uterus posterior and inferior to the attachments of the uterine tubes.
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The round ligaments
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These ligaments extend through the inguinal canal and end in the connective tissues of the external genitalia.
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The round ligaments
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The tubular cervix projects about ____ into the vagina
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1.25 cm (0.5 in.)
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What are the 3 layers of the Uterine Wall?
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Myometrium
Endometrium Perimetrium |
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Uterine wall: Serous membrane that is continuous with the peritoneal lining
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Perimetrium
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Muscular wall of the uterus
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Myometrium
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A thin, inner, glandular or mucosa wall of the uterus
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Endometrium
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The uterine cycle averages __in length, but it can range from __ to__in healthy women of reproductive age.
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28 days
21 to 35 days |
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TERM: The gradual sloughing off of tissue; repairs begin almost at once
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Menses
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The process of endometrial sloughing, called menstruation, generally lasts from __ to ___ days.
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one to seven
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During menses the entire ____ zone has been lost.
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functional
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PHASE: The endometrial glands enlarge, and the arteries elongate and spiral through the functional zone.
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The Secretory Phase
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caused by severe physical/emotional stresses or the reproductive system geting "switched off."
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Transient secondary amenorrhea
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Factors that cause amenorrhea include:
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drastic weight loss,
anorexia nervosa, severe depression or grief |
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observed in marathoners & women in programs that sustain exertion & reduce body lipid reserves
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amenorrhea
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An elastic, muscular tube extending between the cervix and the vestibule
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the vagina
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The area containing the female external genitalia
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The vulva or pudendum
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The vagina opens into the vestibule, a central space bounded by small folds
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Labia minora
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Prominent folds of skin that encircle and partially conceal the labia minora and adjacent structures
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Labia majora
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Discharge into the urethra near the external urethral opening.
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The paraurethral glands, or Skene's glands
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Contains erectile tissue comparable to the corpora cavernosa of the penis.
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The clitoris
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Female: engorges with blood during sexual arousal
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The clitoris
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Reddish-brown skin around each nipple.
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Areola
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Follicular development begins under __ stimulation
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FSH
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Follicular development and maturation is supported by the combination of what 3 hormones?
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estrogens, FSH, and LH
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LH is released from the ___ ___ gland.
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anterior pituitary
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This sudden surge in LH concentration triggers:
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1-The completion of meiosis I by the primary oocyte
2-rupture of the follicular wall |
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This sudden surge in LH concentration triggers:
---continued------ |
3-Ovulation
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Typically, ovulation occurs __-__hrs after the LH surge begins, roughly 9 hours after the LH peak.
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34-38 hours
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_____ is the main hormone of the luteal phase.
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progesterone
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In the luteal phase, estrogens are secreted by the ___ ___
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corpus luteum
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Declines in progesterone & estrogen levels r/t the degeneration of the corpus luteum result in ____.
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menses
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Emissions occur under ___ stimulation
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sympathetic
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peristaltic contractions of the ___ push fluid and spermatozoa into the prostatic urethra
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ampulla
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Ejaculation occurs as a powerful, rhythmic contractions of what 2 muscles?
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ischiocavernosus and bulbospongiosus muscles
(superficial skel. muscles of the pelvic floor) |
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Almost _____ potential oocytes are in fetal ovaries after five months of development
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7 million
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Oocytes present drops to about ____ at birth and to about _____ at puberty
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2 million
four hundred thousand |
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The period of change in males is known as the male ___
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climacteric
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Males: Levels of circulating testosterone begin to decline between the ages of __&__
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50 and 60
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The male climacteric: levels of circulating ___ & ___ increase
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FSH and LH
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