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214 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the two major tissue layers that make up the skin?
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The Epidermis & The Dermis
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Which is the most superficial layer of the skin?
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The Epidermis
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What type of tissue is the Epidermis made up of?
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Epithelial tissue
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Which tissue layer of the skin is made up of connective Tissue?
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The Dermis
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Which layer of skin is responsible for most of the structural strength?
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The Dermis
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Which specific tissue makes up the Epidermis?
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Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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Which of the two major skin layers is the thickest?
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The Dermis
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Which is the thinnest of the two skin layers?
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The Epidermis
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T or F
The Epidermis contains many blood vessels |
False, It contains no blood vessels
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Most cells of the epidermis are called?
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Keratinocytes
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what protein mixture is produced by most cells of the epidermis?
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Keratin
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Which protein mixture makes the epidermal cells more durable?
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Keratin
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What is the function of Keratin?
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To make the cells more durable
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What are the 4 structures of the Integumentary system?
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Skin, Hair, Nails, Glands
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What are the functions of the Integumentary system?
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Protection, Sensation, Temperature regulation, Vitamin D production, Excretion
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What is the function of the Hypodermis?
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To connect skin to underlying structures.
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Which cells give skin the ability to resist abrasion and reduce water loss?
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Keratinocytes
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Which epidermal cells contribute to skin color?
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Melanocytes
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T or F
Everybody has a different number of melanocytes? |
False
All have the same number |
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What are the 4 main cell types of the Epidermis?
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Keratinocytes, Melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel Cells.
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Langerhans cells are part of what body system?
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The immune system
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which specialized epidermal cells are associated with nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure
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Merkel Cells
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What is the function of Merkel Cells?
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associated with nerve endings responsible for detecting light touch and superficial pressure.
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When cells of deeper layers in the epidermis undergo mitosis and move towards the surface causing older cells to slough off its called?
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Desquamate
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What is Keratinization?
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Cells become filled with keratin and eventually die, producing an outer layer of dead, hard cells that resist abrasion and form a barrier.
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When Cells become filled with keratin and eventually die, producing an outer layer of dead, hard cells that resist abrasion and form a barrier.
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Keratinization
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What is a skin disease associated with keratinization?
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psoriasis (when large scales of epidermal tissue sllough off)
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what is the term for the regions that the many cell layers are divided into?
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Strata
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What are the 5 strata of the epidermis from bottom to top?
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Stratum Basale, Spinosum, Granulosum, Lucidum, Corneum
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Which Strata is a thin, clear zone and is found only in the palms and soles?
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Stratum Lucidum
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Which Cell strata is also reffered to as the Stratum Germinativum?
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The Stratum Basale
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What anchors the epidermis to the basement membrane?
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Hemidesmosomes
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What holds the cells of the epidermis together?
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Desmosomes
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Appx. how long does it take for the cell to reach the epidermal surface and slough off?
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40-56 days
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Which Epidermal strata consists of only 1 layer?
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Stratum Basale
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How many layers are in each strata?
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basale (1)
Spinosum (8-10) Granulosum (2-5) Lucidum (several) Corneum (25+) |
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Where can you find hard keratin and soft keratin?
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Hard: Nails & External part of Hair
Soft: Skin |
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Where is thick skin found?
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In areas subject to pressure or friction (palms,fingertips, soles)
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Which epithelial strata does thick skin contain?
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All 5 epithelial strata
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Between thick and thin skin, which is the most flexible?
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Thin skin
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T or F
Thin skin contains all 5 epithelial strata. |
False
It does not have Stratum Lucidum |
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In which skin is Hair found on?
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Thin skin ONLY!
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What is a Callus?
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a thickened area in the stratum corneum caused by an increase in layers due to friction or pressure.
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A cone shaped structure that develops over bony prominences?
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A corn
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What is a corn?
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A cone shaped structure that develops over bony prominences.
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What 3 factors determine skin color?
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Pigment in the skin, blood circulating in skin, and thickness of stratum corneum.
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What is the pigment primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color?
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Melanin
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What is Melanin?
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The pigment primarily responsible for skin, hair, and eye color.
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Which pigment provides protection against UV light?
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Melanin
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Which cells produce Melanin?
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Melanocytes
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T or F
Melanocytes are the ONLY cell to produce Melanin. |
True
although all keratinocytes contain it, only melanocytes produce it. |
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Which AA is involved in the production of melanin?
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Tyrosine
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What is Albinism?
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a recessive genetic trait that results from the inability to produce tyrosine.
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What is the recessive genetic trait that results from the inability to produce Tyrosine?
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Albinism
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A yellow pigment found in plants/vegetables?
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Carotene
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Which pigment is used as a source of vitamin A after ingested?
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Carotene
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What is carotene?
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a yellow pigment found in plants/vegetables that is used as a source of Vitamin A.
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Where does the excess amounts of carotene accumulate?
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Stratum Corneum, Adipose cells, and hypodermis.
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What is Cyanosis?
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the appearance of a bluish color of skin due to a lack of oxygen in the blood.
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What does bluish skin color suggest?
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Cyanosis, the lack of oxygen in the blood.
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What gives structural strength to the skin?
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The Dermis
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Connective Tissue containing Fibroblasts, adipocytes, and macrophages
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The Dermis
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Which skin layer contains nerves, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, and lymphatic vessels?
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The Dermis
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What are the 2 layers of the Dermis?
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The Papillary (superficial) and Reticular (Deep) layers
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what Dermal structure is responsible for our fingerprints?
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The dermal papillae.
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Which of the 2 dermal layers make up most of the Dermis?
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The Reticular Layer (4/5)
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What are cleavage lines?
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elastin and collagen fibers oriented in same direction.
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What are stretch marks?
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scar tissue due to overstretching of the skin that causes the dermis to rupture
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What are other names for the Hypodermis?
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Subcutaneous tissue/ Superficial Fascia
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About how much of the body's Fat is contained in the Hypodermis?
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about 50%
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What are the functions of the Fat stored in the Hypodermis?
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Energy, Insulation, and Padding
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Hair, Glands, and Nails make up what type of skin structures?
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The Accesory skin structures.
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The part of the hair above the surface is called?
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The Hair Shaft
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The part of the hair below the surface is called?
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The Hair Root
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What are the 3 concentric layers of the Hair?
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The Medulla, The Cortex, and The Cuticle
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what is the Central Axis of Hair?
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The Medulla
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What forms the bulk of hair?
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The Cortex
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What forms the Hair Surface?
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Cuticle
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What is the term for the Base of the Hair root?
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The hair bulb.
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What parts make up the Hair follicle?
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Dermal root Sheath, External Epithelial root sheath, and internal epithelial root sheath.
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Hair is produced by the?
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Matrix
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What is the term for the dermal projection into the hair bulb?
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Hair Papilla
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What is the function of the hair papilla?
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contains blood vessels that provide nourishment to the cells of the matrix
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What are the 2 stages of hair growth?
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Growth Stage and Rest Stage
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what happens during the growth stage?
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matrix adds cells at base of hair root and hair elongates. about 0.3mm/day
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What happens during the rest stage?
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the hair follicle shortens and holds hair in place.
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about how many hairs are lost during "regular hair loss"
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about 100/day
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which smooth muscle is associated with hair follicles?
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arrector pili
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which muscles are responsible for goosebumps?
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arrector pili
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What are the major glands of the skin?
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Sebaceous glands, and sweat glands.
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glands located in the dermis that produce sebum?
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Sebaceous glands
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an oily white substance rich in lipids produced by Sebaceous glands?
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Sebum
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what is Sebum?
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an oily white substance rich in lipids produced by sebaceous glands.
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what are sebaceous glands classified under?
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Holocrine glands
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What are the 2 types of sweat glands?
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Eccrine and Apocrine glands
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What is the most common type of sweat gland?
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Eccrine Gland
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simple, coiled, tubular glands that open directly onto the surface of the skin through sweat pores?
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Eccrine Glands
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which sweat gland produces isotonic fluid made up of NaCl+H20?
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Eccrine Glands
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Which sweat glands are found in the Axillae and Genitalia?
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Apocrine Sweat glands
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Which Sweat glands become active at puberty as a result of sex hormones?
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Apocrine Sweat glands
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Which sweat glands are responsible for Body Odor?
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Apocrine Sweat glands
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Why do apocrine sweat glands produce body odor?
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because they release an odorless substance that is quickly metabolized by bacteria
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what are two other types of skin glands?
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ceruminous glands & Mammary glands.
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Modified Eccrine glands in ear canal?
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Ceruminous glands
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What forms Cerumen?
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the combined secretions of ceruminous glands and sebaceous glands
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T or F
The mammary glands are a type of Eccrine sweat glands? |
False
They are a modified type of apocrine sweat glands. |
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what two parts make up a nail?
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The proximal nail root, and the distal nail body.
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Which Strata makes up the nail?
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Stratum Corneum
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The stratum Corneum of the nail grows onto the nail body as what?
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the Cuticle or eponychium
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at what rate do nails grow?
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appx. .5-1.2mm/day
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What are the 5 skin functions?
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Protection, Sensation, Temperature Regulation, Vitamin D Production, and Excretion
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What role does melanin play in protection?
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Protects DNA from UV radiation
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How does skin help in temperature regulation?
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The sweat causes evaporative cooling.
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Which Vitamin produced by the skin aids in calcium absorption?
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Vitamin D
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What are the functions of Vit. D?
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Stimulates uptake of Ca++ from intestines
promotes Ca++ release from bones Reduces Ca++ loos from kidneys |
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Which hormone promotes Ca release from bones; reduces Ca loss from kidneys & stimulates uptake of Ca from intestines?
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Calcitriol
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What is Calcium useful for in the body?
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For Bone (growth and repair), clotting, nerve and muscle function
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describe the process of Vit. D production by UV exposure?
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7-dehydrocholesterol-> UV light> converted to cholecalciferol--> released into bloodstream and modified in the liver and kidneys to form Vit D.
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How does the skin help in excretion?
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by removing waste products from the body through sweat.
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1st Degree burn affects which layer?
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Epidermis
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2nd Degree burn affects which layer?
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Dermis
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3rd degree burn affects which layer?
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Subcutaneous tissue/muscle
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What are the new classification for 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree burns?
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1st and 2nd : Partial Thickness
3rd: Full (complete) Thickness |
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What is the function of fibrinogen?
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formation of blood clots
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What is the difference between serum and plasma?
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serum is plasma without the clotting factors
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Ions found in plasma?
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Na+ ; K+ ; P+
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Nutrients present in plasma?
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glucose, amino acids, fats, cholesterol, vitamins
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What are some waste products of plasma?
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Urea, Bilirubin, Lactic Acid, and Gases.
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What are Erythrocytes?
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RBC's
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What are the functions of Erythrocytes?
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To transport O2 and CO2
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what percentage of formed elements do RBCs account for?
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95%
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The process of blood cell production is called?
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Hematopoiesis
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All formed elements are derived from a single population of cells called?
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Stem Cells
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Proerythroblasts create which mature cell?
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RBCs
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Myeloblasts create which mature cell?
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Basophils, Eosinophils, and Neutrophils
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lymphoblasts create which mature cell?
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lymphocytes
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Monoblasts create which mature cell?
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monocytes
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Megakaryoblasts create which mature cell?
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Platelets
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What are leukocytes?
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WBCs
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Who has a higher concentration of RBCs and Why?
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Males, b/c generally have more muscle mass
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What is the purpose of RBCs being biconcave?
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it increases the cells surface area. which allows gas exchange to occur faster
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98.5% of Oxygen on RBCs is attached to what?
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hemoglobin
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What happens to the 1.5% of oxygen that is not attached to hemoglobin?
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it is dissolved in the plasma
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What is the main component of RBCs
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Hemoglobin, (occupies about 1/3 total cell volume)
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the rupturing of RBC followed by hemoglobin being released is called?
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hemolysis
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what is hemolysis?
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the rupturing of RBCs followed by hemoglobin being released.
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Oxyhemoglobin transports what?
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Oxygen (Bright Red)
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Deoxyhemoglobin is what color?
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Blue because no Oxygen
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What is the composition of hemoglobin?
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4 globin molecules and 4 heme molecules.
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how many iron atoms does each heme contain?
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1 iron atom
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what are the 3 types of hemoglobin produced?
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Embryonic, Fetal, and Adult
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Which type(s) of hemoglobin have a higher affinity of Oxygen?
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Embryonic and Fetal
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what is erythropoiesis?
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the process by which RBCs are made.
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What is a term for an immature RBC?
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reticulocytes
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How does Erythropoietin hormone stimulate RBC production?
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Low oxygen lvl--> kidney releases erythropoietin--> Increased erythropoietin stimulates RBC production-->increased blood oxygen level
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What is the function of WBCs?
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Protect the body against microorganisms and remove dead cells and debris
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How do WBCs move?
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using Ameboid movements
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What is Diapedesis?
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when cells move between (through) capillary endothelial cells?
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through which method do WBC's leave circulation and enter the tissue?
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Diapedesis
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What is Chemotaxis?
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when WBCs are attracted to foreign materials or dead cells
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What is Pus made up of?
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Dead WBC and bacteria
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What are the 5 types of WBCs?
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Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils
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Which type of WBC becomes a macrophage once it reaches the tissue?
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Monocytes
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Which WBC is involved with Antibody production?
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Lymphocytes.
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Which WBC are the most common?
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Neutrophils
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Which WBC's are involved with allergic reactions?
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Basophils and Eosinophils
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How do platelets help seal wounds?
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by creating platelet plugs.
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Cell Fragments pinched off from megakaryoctes in red bone marrow.
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Platelets
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What are Platelets?
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Cell fragments pinched off from Megakaryoctes in red bone marrow.
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What 2 ways do platelets prevent blood loss?
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1)Platelet Plugs
2) Promoting formation of clots |
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What is Hemostasis?
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The stoppage of bleeding that prevents excessive blood loss.
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The immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the vessel contracts?
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Vascular Spasm
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What is a Vascular Spasm?
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the immediate but temporary constriction of a blood vessel as a result of smooth muscle contracting.
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What is an accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in blood vessels?
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Platelet Plug
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What is a Platelet Plug?
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An accumulation of platelets that can seal small breaks in blood vessels.
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How do platelets Adhere?
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von Willebrand factor connects collagen and platelets. once platelet connects with collagen, it is activated and ADP, thromboxanes, and other chemicals activate other platelets. as they are activated the platelets change shape and express fibrinogen receptors that form a bridge resulting in platelet plug.
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What allows platelets to adhere to collagen?
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von Willebrand factor
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What is the Platelet release reaction?
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after platelets become activated, they release ADP, Thromboxanes, and other chemicals.
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What is platelet aggregation?
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When aggregated platelets bind Fibrinogen and the Fibrinogen connects the platelets forming a platelet plug.
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What are the 3 steps of Platelet plug formation?
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Platelet adhesion
Platelet release reaction Platelet aggregation |
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What are the 3 patthways for Coagulation?
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Extrinsic
Intrinsic Common |
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Describe the Extrinsic pathway.
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Tissue is damaged. release thromboplastin (or tissue factor). With Ca2+ factor X activated.
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Describe the Intrinsic pathway.
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factor 12 comes in contact with exposed collagen, activating factor 11. Factor 11 with Ca2+ factor X activated
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What is a blood clot?
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a network of threadlike fibrin fibers that traps RBCs, platelets, and fluids.
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What prevents coagulation factors from initiating clot formation?
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Anticoagulants.
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What do Anticoagulants do?
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prevent coagulation factors from initiating clot formation.
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Why does Coagulation occur?
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When coagulation factor concentration reaches a certain level (i.e. at site of injury)
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What are 3 Anticoagulants?
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Antithrombin
Heparin Prostacyclin |
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Where is Antithrombin produced?
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the Liver
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Where is Heparin Produced?
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Basophils and endothelial cells
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What two anticoagulants are produced in endothelial cells?
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Heparin and Prostacyclin
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What is the purpose of Clot Retraction?
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Enhance healing
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Describe the process of clot retraction?
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Fibrin threads of clott attach to blood vessel walls. platelet processes attach to fibrin threads. Actin/Myosin in platelets contract, pull edges of wound together.serum squeezed out from clot.
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What process dissolves the clot?
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fibrinolysis
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What is plasminogen?
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an enzyme that hydrolyzes fibrin.
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Fibrinolysis involves the activity of which enzyme?
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plasminogen.
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What causes plasminogen to turn into Plasmin?
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Tissue Plasminogen Activator (tPA)
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what is the function of tPA? (Tissue Plasminogen Activator)?
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causes plasminogen to turn into Plasmin
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What is the difference between a transfusion and an infusion?
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A transfusion is the transfer of blood from one individual to another, an infusion is the introduction of a fluid other than blood, into the blood.
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what is a transfusion?
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transfer of blood from one individual to another.
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what is an infusion?
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when fluid that is not blood is introduced into the blood.
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What are the functions of blood?
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Transport, Regulation, Maintenance, Protection, and Clot Formation
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What does blood transport?
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gases, nutrients, waste products, Processed molecules, regulatory molecules (hormones)
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What does Blood Regulate?
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pH and Osmosis (normal pH 7.35-7.45)
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How does blood aid in protection?
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Through antibodies it protects against foreign substances
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How much % of blood is Plasma and how much is formed elements?
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Blood is 55% Plasma and 45% formed elements
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What 3 substances make up the formed elements
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RBCs, WBCs, and Platelets
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What is the composition of Plasma?
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91% Water and 9% other
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What are the 3 plasma proteins?
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Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen
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Which is the Largest and most common of the Plasma Proteins?
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Albumins
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T or F
Plasma is the liquid part of the blood? |
True
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What is Colloid?
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Liquid containing suspended substances that don't settle out of solution.
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A liquid containing suspended substances that don't settle out of solution.
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Colloid
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What are the 3 layers of tissue of the Heart Wall?
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Epicardium, Myocardium, & Endocardium
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