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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Positive feedback loop
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Feedback that results in growth
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Negative feedback loop
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Feedback that results in decline
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1st Law of Thermodynamics
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The amount of energy in an isolated place won’t change
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2nd Law of Thermodynamics
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Spontaneity can come from a body when it interacts with a lower temperature body
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Synergy
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When two or more things cooperate to enhance their individual effects
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Nitrogen cycle
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How nitrogen travels through organisms, their ecosystem, and the atmosphere
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Phosphorous cycle
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How phosphorous travels through the litho, hydro, and biosphere Photosynthesis
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Respiration
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the act of breathing/exchange of gases
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Sulfur cycle
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how sulfur moves to and from mineral and living systems
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Gross primary productivity
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The amount of nutrients/energy created by an organism, a population, or a community
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Net primary productivity
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The rate at which an ecosystem accumulates energy or biomass, excluding the energy it uses for the process of respiration.
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Producer
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organisms that produces its own energy-plants
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Consumer
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an organism that eats other organisms-primary consumers eat only plants
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Chemosynthesis
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Process by which some organisms, such as certain bacteria, use chemical Energy to produce carbohydrates.
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Benthos
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the flora and fauna found on the bottom, or in the bottom sediments, of a sea, lake, or other body of water.
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Nekton
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aquatic animals that are able to swim and move independently of water currents.
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Plankton
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the small and microscopic organisms drifting or floating in the sea or fresh water
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Biodiversity
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the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.
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Exponential growth/j-curve
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population size increases at constant rate because everyone has access to abundant food (ideal conditions of living)
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Logistic growth/s-curve
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the rate of the population slows down as it reaches the carrying capacity
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biotic potential
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the maximum reproductive capacity of a population under optimum conditions
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environmental resistance
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all the limiting factors that tent to reduce population growth rates
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immigration
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the movement of people into a country or region coming from another
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emigration
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the movement of people out of a country of region to settle in another
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crude birth rate
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the number of births per 1,000 individuals per year without regard to age or sex composition
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crude death rate
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the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals per year without regard to age or sex composition
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infant mortality rate
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the number of deaths of children under the age of 1 per 1,000 live births
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life expectancy
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the average number of years that an infant is born in a particular year in a particular country can be expected to live given the current average lifespan and death rate
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per capita
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for each person
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birth rate/natality
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the ratio of the number of births to the size of the population
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dearth rate/mortality
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the ratio of number of deaths
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r strategist
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an organism that is characterized by small parental investment in their young, short prenatal period and minimal postnatal care, produces a large number of offspring most don’t survive long enough to reproduce, and are found in unpredictable environments
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K strategist
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an organism that is characterized by large parental investment in their young, slow reproduction with long gestation periods, and the ability to utilize stable environmental situations, constant population size
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Carrying capacity
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largest number of individuals of a particular species that can survive over long periods of time in a given enviroment, this level depends on the effect of the limiting factors
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Density-dependent
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density-dependent processes occur when population growth rates are regulated by the density of a population i.e. available resources
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Density-independent
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Referring to any characteristic that is not affected by population density i.e natural disasters
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Interspecific competition
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a form of competition in which individuals of different species compete for the same resource in an ecosystem.
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Intraspecific competition
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members of the same species vie for the same resource in an ecosystem
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Non-native species
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An introduced, alien, exotic, non-indigenous, or non-native species, or simply an introduction, is a species living outside its native distributional range, which has arrived there by human activity
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Keystone species
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a species on which other species in an ecosystem largely depend, such that if it were removed the ecosystem would change drastically.
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Indicator species
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A species which is a good indicator of the living conditions in a particular habitat.
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Native species
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a species is defined as native to a given region or ecosystem if its presence in that region is the result of only natural processes, with no human intervention.
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Parasite
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an organism that lives in or on another organism (its host) and benefits by deriving nutrients at the host's expense.
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Symbiosis
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interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of one or both.
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Mutualism
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A symbiotic relationship between individuals of different species in which both individuals benefit from the association.
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Nitrification
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he conversion of [[ nitrogen from inorganic to organic by [[nitrate bacteria, which effectively recycles the substance so that it can be used again by plants
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Nitrogen fixation
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The incorporation of atmospheric nitrogen into ammonia by various bacteria
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Denitrification
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removing nitrogen
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Ammonification
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the conversion of organic nitrogen to ammonium (NH4+) by the action of decomposers (bacteria)
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Leaching
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drain away from soil, ash, or similar material by the action of percolating liquid, esp. rainwater.
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Speciation
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the formation of new and distinct species in the course of evolution.
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Extinction
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the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct.
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Coevolution
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Two or more species having a close ecological relationship evolve together such that one species adapt to the changes of the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution.
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Ozone
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a colorless unstable toxic gas with a pungent odor and powerful oxidizing properties, formed from oxygen by electrical discharges or ultraviolet light. It differs from normal oxygen (O2) in having three atoms in its molecule (O3).
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Commensalism
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an association between two organisms in which one benefits and the other derives neither benefit nor harm.
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Cyanobacteria
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predominantly photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms containing a blue pigment in addition to chlorophyll; occur singly or in colonies in diverse habitats; important as phytoplankton
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Temperate
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a region or climate characterized by mild temperatures.
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Polar
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being in opposite extremes.
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Dissolved oxygen
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amount of oxygen that is dissolved or carried in a given medium
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Salinity
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amount of salt is a given medium
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Zooplankton
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plankton consisting of small animals and the immature stages of larger animals.
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Decomposer
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an organism, esp. a soil bacterium, fungus, or invertebrate, that decomposes organic material.
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