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31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Aphasia?
What type of condition is it? |
An acquired neuropsychological disorder consisting of the Loss or impairment of language caused by brain damage. Not the same as failure to develop normal language
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What does language refer to?
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semantic and syntactic functions
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Where are, for most people, semantic and synaptic language functions performed?
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semantic and synaptic language functions are generally performed by the left hemisphere.
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Who is Paul Broca, and what did he do?
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1861, presented clinical cases:
Focal brain damage associated is disordered speech/language Aphasia as specific brain disorder born |
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Who is Car Wernicke, and what did he do?
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mid 1870s and early 1880s.
Presents cases of language comprehension deficits due to brain damage -Leads to model of brain-language mechanisms |
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Who is Norma Geschwin, and what did he do?
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(mid 1960s)
-Refined descriptions of language localization -Pinpointed likely circuits in brain accounting for aphasic symptoms |
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What are the syndromes of Aphasia based on?
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1.Type of language manifestation
2.neuroanatomic locus |
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Name three types of Aphasia and describe them
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Broca's
Wernicke's Conduction aphasia |
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Describe Broca's Aphasia
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Nonfluent aphasic output
Speech: labored and telegraphic, minimum number of words is used Consists of entirely content words. good language comprehension, but less so for complex sentences |
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What type of example of Aphasia is :
Q: What did you do Today? A: Buy bread store |
Broca's Aphasia
Sentences aredevoid of grammatical morphemes such as buy(ing) and are generally 3 to 4 words. |
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What is the Broca's Area?
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the language-dominant hemisphere's frontal opercular region in Left frontal lobe of brain.
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What happens in the Broca's Area with more severe and persitent symptoms
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Lesion can be deep lying and usually involve the basal ganglia
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What is Wernicke's Aphasia?
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Almost opposite Broca's aphasia
Verbal output fluent full of paraphasias and neologisms. 'treen' instead of 'train'. Key Features Disturbance in comprehension Disorder of repetition Some cases, spoken comprehension worse than written comprehension |
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If somebody has problems with:
Comprehension as well as production Understanding the meaning of content words and producing appropiate content words but is Rich in Grammatical morphemes and superficially fluent, what type of Aphasia do they have? |
Wernicke's Aphasia
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What type of Aphasia would the speaker of this sentence have?
"Nothing the keesereez the, these are davereez and these and this one and these are living. This one's right in and these are. . . uh . . . and that's nothing, that's nothing . . ." |
Wernicke's Aphasia
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Where is the brain damage for the Wernicke's area located and what is often involved?
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in the superior Temporal lobe in the Left Hemisphere.
Often involves temporal lobe of dominant hemisphere, particularly the auditory association cortex of the posterior-superior portion of the superior temporal gyrus |
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Describe Conduction Aphasia
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rare form of aphasia
Fluent but paraphasic normal comprehension of spoken language Severe breakdown in repetition Naming almost always abnormal, caused by paraphasic contamination |
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Explain the Neuropathology in Conduction Aphasia
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Pathology most often involves white matter beneath the supramarginal gyrus (but can occur outside)
The lesion here disconnects intact language comprehension area from an equally intact motor speech area |
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Name another form of Aphasia besides Wernicke's Broca's and Conduction and describes their symptoms.
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Anomic:
word-finding difficulties Fluent, little paraphasia, good comprehension, repetition Deficiency in naming. Lengthy but empty verbal output Substitute words Results from pathology anywhere in the language in area and some form right-hemisphere lesions. |
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What is Foreign Accent Syndrom?
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Aphemia
(pure word dumbness or anarthria) Hypophonic, slow, but grammatically intact verbal output. Sounds like a different accent then the one they were born with. |
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What is Pure Word Deafness?
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Problem with reception of spoken language
Cannot understand spoken and cannot repeat Can identify sounds |
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Define
Non-fluent |
sparse output
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Define
dysprosody |
abnormal rhythm, . melody, inflection, and timbre)
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Define
agrammatism |
use of substantive, meaningful words with a relative
dearth of syntactically significant function words |
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paraphasia
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substitution of phonemes or words
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anomia
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difficulty in word finding
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Understanding speech is done by
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Wernicke's Area
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producing speech is done by
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Broca's Area
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How is speech comprehended?
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Sounds analyzed for their physical properties in the auditory sensory area of the temporal lobe
Neural Representations sent to Wernicke's for analysis |
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How is speech understood?
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Wernicke's area: transforms basic meaning to be conveyed into a neural representation of a sequence of words
-Representation sent to Broca's area, converted to an utterable form Sent to primary motor area of the forebrain which controls the muscles of speech |
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Why do Japanese speakers have a hard time differentiating between L and R sounds?
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In Japanese, there is only one sound that falls in this frequency boundary. Cells become devoted to other representations that are more difficult, making different neural connections. The cells that would have been specialized to determine this boundary have made connections elsewhere and are not accessed easily. Japanese babies are able to recognize the difference between "r" and "l" until they are nine months old. It around that time that the auditory cells become specialized.
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