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35 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are paired appendages?
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Paired appendages consist of a pectoral appendage anteriorly and a pelvic appendage posteriorly, they are supported by a pectoral and pelvic girdle
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Paired fins are supported by fin rays.
What are the fin rays of chondrichthyes? What are the fin rays of osteichthyes? What do fin rays attach to? |
ceratotrichia in chondrichthyes or lepidotrichia in osteichthyes
fin rays attach to deeper pterygiophores |
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What are pterygiophores made of ?
What are the two groups of pterygiophores? |
made of cartilage or cartilage replacement bone.
the more proximal basal pterygiophores and the more distal radial pterygiophores. |
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The pectoral girdle is composed of two kinds of bone a dermal part and an endochondral part.
what are the two dermal elements? what are the two endochondral elements? |
The dermal elements are the cleithrum and clavicle
The endochondral elements are the scapula and coracoid |
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In the pectoral girdle or early fish, a single structure called ......., but in later groups it ossifies as two separate bones ......, and the .......
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scapulocoracoid
scapula and coracoid |
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A placoderm group, the arthrodires had body armor that had a joined articulation with the head, and parts of the thoracic plates in these animals appear to be homologous with.......
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with dermal parts the pectoral girdle
There is a group of elements that articulate with the skull that appear to be homologous with cleithrum of later fish and element that project ventrally that seem to be homologous with the clavicle |
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The pelvic fins have the same structure as the pectoral fins but are supported by small ventral plates and the pelvic girdle never has a ... component in any vertebrate.
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Dermal
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stylopodium consists of the brachium (upper arm). What are the brachium elements of the forelimb and the hindlimb?
Zuegopodium consists of the ante brachium What are two forelimb elements? What are two hindlimb elements? (shin or crus) Autopodium consists of the hand (manus) or foot (pes) what are these composed of? |
Forelimb - humerus/radius & ulna/ carpals, metacarpals, & phalanges
Hindlimb- femur/ tibia &fibula/ tarsals, metatarsals & phalanges |
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Tetrapods evolved from a group of sarcopterygians (lobe-finned fishes) what is a primary difference in fin structure of sarcopterygians and ray finned fish?
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the basal pterygiophores are arranged more linearly and form a LIMB AXIS
and radial pterygiophores project ANTERIORLY AND OR POSTERIORLY instead of distally. (Figure 9-6) |
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what group of sacropterygians gave rise to the tetrapods?
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crossopterygians / in this extinct crossopterygian the limb axis is oriented along the posterior edge of the limb and the radial pterygiophores are lined up along the anterior side of the fin.
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in extinct crossopterygian, the first basal pterygiophores can be easily homologized with the ...
the next basal pterygiophore distally is homologous with the ... and ... the radial pterygiophore the lies parallel to this element is homologous with the ... and ... |
stylopod/ ulna in the forelimb and the fibula in the hind limb/ with the radius and tibia
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There is some controversy as to where the autodial elements (evolutionary novelties) came from. There are three main hypothesis
The first is that autopod evolved from fin rays ... why is this hypothesis considered unlikely? |
because the developmental origin of fin rays is from dermal bone and autopodials develop as endochondral bone from the myotome component of the somites
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The second hypothesis as to where the autopodial elements came from states that they evolved from ... ...
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radial pterygiophores
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The scapula and corocoid together from a socket for the articulation with the humerus. what is it called?
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glenoid fossa
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The ... was retained in early tetrapods, but lost its connection with the skull and allowed the head to be moved separately from the trunk.
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cleithrum
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in birds the ... becomes fused with the ... to become the furcula, or wishbone
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clavicle; interclavicle
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In tetrapods there is no bony connection between the pectoral girdle and the vertebral column and the body weight is transmitted to the ...
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to the forelimbs entirely by a muscular sling.
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The pelvic girdle of tetrapods is made of three elements. what are they and where are they located?
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The ilium projects dorsally and connects to either sacral ribs or the sacral vertebrae; the anterior pubis and the posterior ischium are at the ventral part of the pelvic girdle
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The two sides of the pubis are generally fused at the midline by a fibrocartilage joint called ... ...
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pubis symphysis
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What are innominate bones and what are they also known as?
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the three components of the pelvic girdle (ilium pubis & ischium) fused to form innominate bones also known as the os coxae
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All three bones of the pelvic girdle contribute to the socket for the articulation with the ... called the ...
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femur; acetabulum
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Early tetrapods and most reptilomorphs walk with their limbs in a sprawled posture. (permanent push up position)
Describe differences in the position of the humerus, femur, their elbows &knees and muscles compared to mammals and birds. |
-their humerus and femur stay parallel with the ground
-their elbows and knees point laterally and dorsally and their toes point laterally -have to use large muscles constantly to hold their bodies off the ground |
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mammals and birds shifted the movement of their limbs entirely into the direction of travel and this resulted in more efficient locomotion.
Describe the rotation of their limbs where did this shift transfer their body weight |
mammals and birds have rotated their limbs under their body so that their limbs swing in the cranio-caudal axis
-this transfers the body weight directly through the long axis of the limbs, loading them in compression rather than bending |
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in which 3 vertebrates has the powered flight evolved?
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extinct pterosaurs birds & bats
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what are the basic elements common in all 3 wings (winged vertebrates)
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humerus, radius, ulna & some form of carpals metacarpals and phalanges
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the wings of vertebrates are homologous at one level but convergent at another
The three wings are all homologous as ... and homoplasious (convergent) as ... |
forelimbs (they evolved from a common ancestor that had all these elements
as wings ( differences in the specifics of how the wings are connected clearly show the are homoplasious as wings) common ancestor of the three did not possess forelimbs that were adapted for use as wings |
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The pterosaurs had wings that were mostly composed of ...
and were supported by a ... ... ... |
skin; single fourth digit
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in contrast to bats and pterosaurs whose wings were composed of skin birds are mostly make up of ... ... and are supported by elongated sytlopodial and zeugopodial elements along with fused elements from the 3rd and 4th digits
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flight feathers
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which winged vertebrate is composed mostly of skin and and supported by the same skeletal element found in our own hands.
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bat wings
in particular they have greatly elongated metacarpals and phalanges that support the wing with a reduced 1st (and sometimes 2nd) digit |
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Many skeletal elements form rigid bars or ... that rotate or pivot about a fixed point know as the ...
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levers; fulcrum
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define the lever arm
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the distance from the application of the force to the fulcrum
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the force experience at the fulcrum is called the ... which is a rotational force. how is it calculated
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moment; it is equal to the force applied to the lever times the distance from the application of the force to the fulcrum or the product of the force multiplied by the length of the lever arms (Lin and Lout)
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During which situation can i get more force out than i put in
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mechanical advantage
where Lin is two times as long as L out the force i can hold up out on the out side with be twice as big as the force i apply |
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Describe a lever system in equilibrium
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the moments on each side of the fulcrum have to be equal
so Fin *Lin =(has to equal) Fout * Lout |
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what is the name for a lever system where the pivot is moved so that the lever is two times as longs the in lever, and i can only generate half as much force on the out side as i put in
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mechanical disadvantage
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