Mechanism Of Infectious Disease Ch 12 And 13

Any organism capable of supporting the nutritional and physical growth requirement of another

The presence and multiplication within a host of another living organism

Act of establishing a presence, a step required in the multifaceted process of infection

Internal and external surfaces of the human body normally and harmlessly inhabited by a multitude of bacteria

Interaction which the microorganism and host the both derive benefits from the interaction

Only the infecting organism benefits from the relationship and the host either gains nothing or sustains injury for the interaction

Host sustains injury or pathologic damage in response to a parasitic infection

Disease producing potential

Select group of microorganisms that are so virulent that they are rarely found in the absence of disease

Capable of producing an infectious disease when the health and immunity of the host have been severely weakened by illness/malnutrition/medical therapy

The smallest obligated intracellular pathogens

Incapable of reproduction outside the cell

Autonomously replicating

Unicellular organism is known as prokaryotes

They lack an organized nucleus.

Has cell wall that protects

Botulism toxin decreases the release of neurotransmitter from cholinergic neurons, causing flaccid paralysis.

Unicellular prokaryotes are capable of independent replication.

Resistant to cell wall inhibiting antibiotics

(ie PCN and Cephalosporins)

Free-living eukaryotic saprophytes found in every habitat on earth

2 groups; Yeast and Mold

Sexual and asexual reproduction

Organism that derives benefits from its biologic relationship with another organism

Collection of wormlike parasites

Nematodes/ Roundworms

Cestodes/Tapeworms

Trematodes/Flukes

Transmission: ingestion of fertilized eggs

Vectors of infectious Disease and the ectoparasites

Ticks

Mosquitoes

Biting Flies

Mites, Chiggers, Lice and fleas

Infest external body surfaces and cause localized tissue damage or inflammation secondary to bite or burrowing action fo the arthropod

The study of factors, events, and circumstances that influence the transmission of infection disease among humans.

The process of a pathogen enters the body, gains access to susceptible tissue and causes disease.

1. Penetration

2. Direct Contact

3. Ingestion

4. Inhalation

Disruption in the integrity of the body's surface barrier potential site for invasion of microorganisms. (i.e., skin or mucus membranes)

Transmitted directly from infected tissue or secretion to exposed, intact mucous membranes.

(ie STI genital herpes)

Entry of pathogenic or toxic products through the oral cavity and GI tract

(ie cholera, typhoid fever, hep A, Food poisoning)

Pathogens can invade through the respiratory tract

(ie bacterial pneumonia)

Infectious disease refers to the location, host, object, or substance from which the infectious agent was acquired.

A collection of signs and symptoms expressed by the host during the disease course.

Any infectious disease can be divided into several distinguishable stages after the point when the potential pathogen enters the host.

The phase during which the pathogen begins active replication without producing recognizable symptoms in the host.

The initial appearance of symptoms in the host, only a vague sense of malaise, mild fever, headache, and fatigue.

Host experiences the maximum impact of the infectious process corresponding to rapid proliferation and dissemination of the pathogen

Containment of infection, progressive elimination of the pathogen, repair of damaged tissue and resolution of associated symptoms

Total elimination of a pathogen from the body without residual signs or symptom of the disease.

Inflammation of an anatomic location is usually designated by adding "itis"

Localized pocket of infection composed of devitalized tissue, microorganism, and the host phagocytic white blood cells.

Substances the alter or destroy the normal function of the host or host's cells

Proteins released from the bacterial cell during growth

Variable specificity and may cause fatal effects

Do not contain protein are not actively released from the bacterium during growth

Lipopolysaccharidesreleased from bacterial cell membranes with cell division or destruction

No interaction between microorganism and human can progress to infection or disease if the pathogen is unable to attach to and colonize the host.

Enhance virulence by evading various components of the host's immune system

Infectious agents that facilitate the penetration of anatomic barriers and host tissue.

Two Criteria:

1. Recovery of pathogen or evidence

2. Accurate documentation of clinical signs and symptoms

Propagation of a microorganism outside of the body on or in artificial growth media

Measuring serum antibodies in the disease host.

Tentative diagnosis, antibody level called antibody titer.

Rise and fall during the acute phase of the disease

Do not cross the placenta

Increase during the acute phase and remains elevated until or beyond resolution.

Most abundant immunoglobulin

Certain antibodies transferred passively from mother to child.

Generally called antibiotics.

Bi-products of bacteria and fungi metabolism

Effective only against prokaryotic organism

Almost all compounds are synthetic

Target viral RNA and DNA synthesis

Target yeast or mold

Exploiting essential components of the parasite metabolism or cellular anatomy that are not shared by the host.

Responds to allergic reactions and parasitic infections

Respond to local infections

Found in saliva tears colostrum bronchial GI prostate and vaginal

Prevents attachment of virus and bacteria to epithelial cells

Protect against bacteria toxins and viruses and activate the complement system

Acts like an antigen receptor for initiating B cells

First line of defense against microbial invasion and is in place before infection

Activate and regulate b cells cytotoxic t cells nk cells and macrophages and other immune cells

Samples used to identify infectious organisms by measuring the levels of antibodies

Act of establishing a presence a step required in the multifaceted process of infection

Incapable of replication outside the cell

Penetrate cell and use the biosynthetic structure of cell

Is an agent

IgG

Protection for 3 to 6 months

Bacteria

Corkscrew

Transmitted by sex broken skin and urine of infected animal

Mature in thymus

Provide cell mediated immunity

Activate other lymphocytes and phagocytes

Mature in the bone marrow

Forming antibodies

Humoral immunity

Antibodies are transferred directly to host

Mother to child

Risk of use

Transmissibility

Invasiveness

Mortality Rate

Object that carries an infectious organisms

Fungi pathogens

Incapable of growing in core body temperature

Ringworm, athletes foot, jock itch (superficial mycoses)

Identify on the surface of WBCs

Major target is organ transplant rejections

Lines the body systems

Joined tightly to protect from invasion

Mother to child

Across placenta, during birth

Coating of particles with protein and lectins

Make more attractive for phagocytes to recognize foreign pathogens

Mediated by T Lymphocytes

Defense against intracellular microbes ie viruses

Lymphocytes comprised for Humoral (B cells) and cell mediated (T cells) immune response

Free-living organisms

Derive energy from Decaying organic matter

Direct contact

Activate on microbial cell surface

No antibodies

Component of the Inate Immunity

Activated by antibodies

Humoral immunity

Binds to mannose on microbes

Activates the classical Pathway

No antibodies

Spread of disease beyond continental boundaries

Abrupt and unexpected increase of incidence of the disease over endemic rates

Essential to the development of the immune systems

Responsible for the production of mature T Lymphocytes

Host has an immune response to the antigen

Environment exposure

Only cells capable of producing antibodies

Humoral immunity

1. Causative agent

2. Reservoir (Source)

3. Portal Of Exit

4. Mode of transmission

5. Portal of Entry

6. Susceptible Host

Variesfrom one infectious agent to the next

The infectious agent passes from the portal of exit to the susceptible host

Four modes: Contact Airborne Enteric Vector-born

Some organisms use more than one mode of transmission and Mode varies

Penetration*Direct Contact

Ingestion*Inhalation

Individual who lacks resistance to agent

Microbesdepend on the host’s environment to grow and reproduce BUT

Preventcolonization of other microbes

Microbemay contribute to synthesis of beneficial substances

Immunity is compromised and Normal flora become pathogenic

Range of hosts to which a microbe is attracted

Sometimes called Infectivity

Microbes' ability to invade and multiply in the host tissues.

Refers to the number of microbes that succeed in invading and reproducing in the body

Severity of the Disease a pathogen can produce

Varies depending on the host

Degree to which a pathogen can induce a specific immune response

The ability of the pathogen to survive outside its host

1. Tiny intracellular organism

2. Depend upon the living host

3. Intracellular bypass many body defenses mechanims

4. Single strand DNA or RNA, contained within capsid

Virions

1. Genetic Material

2. Mechanism of Replication

3. Mode of Transmission

4. Type of Disease Produced

Local

Systemic

Acute

Chronic

Cell mediated immunity

Production of interferon

CBC

ELISA (Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay)

Western Blot

Antiviral therapy

Can be difficult to develop

HIV

1. Shape

2. Need for Oxygen

3. Mobility

4. Protective Capsule or Spores

The body's immune systems

Produce substances that enhance resistance

WBC

Culture and Sensitivity

Gram Stain

1. Antimicrobials

2. Instruct on method to prevent spread of infection

Reproduce within certain susceptible cells

Transmitted to humans by arthropod vectors

Bites or feces of ticks, Lice or Fleas.

Irreversible

Kills or cause damage to bacteria pathogens

Target metabolism or bacteria growth

Inhibits growth

Reversible when medication is removed

Ability of a cytokines to act on different cell types