Aqa Gcse Geography Higher Population Change

Population Change

Because of exponential rate

Birth Rate - number of babies born per thousand people per year

Death Rate - number of deaths per thousand people

Migration - movement of people from one area to another

Natural Increase - when birth rate higher than death rate

Natural Decrease - when death rate higher than birth rate

Birth rate -> high

B/c of no contraception and people have lots of children because many infants die

Death Rate -> high

B/c of poor healthcare

Population growth rate is zero

Population structure - low life expectancy. Population mainly of young people as fewer reach old age

Birth Rate -> high

B/c no contraception. Economy based on agriculture so people have lots of children to work on farms

Death rate -> falls

B/c of better healthcare

Population growth rate very high

Population structure - increased life expectancy but imbalance of younger people to older people

Birth Rate -> rapidly falling

B/c of emancipation of women and better education. Contraception increase, more women working instead of having children. Manufacturing based economy - less children working on farms

Death Rate -> falls

B/c of medical advances

Population growth rate - high

Population structure - more people living to be older

Birth Rate -> low

B/c of urbanisation. People want more possessions and wealth improves - meaning less money for having children

Death Rate -> low, fluctuating

Population Growth Rate - zero

Population Structure - high life expectancy

Birth Rate - slowly falling

B/c less money available to raise children b/c people have dependent elderly relatives

Death Rate - low, fluctuating

Population Growth Rate - negative

Population Structure - more older people than younger

Social -

1) Limited access to services like healthcare and education b/c of rapid increase in population

2) Children work to support large families, missing out on their education

3) Less space to house people so directed to live in overcrowded settlements or makeshift houses leading to poor sanitation and hygiene problems

4) Food shortages of country can't grow or import enough food for population

Economic -

1) More people, less jobs - Unemployment increase

2) Increased poverty b/c of more people being born into already poor families

Political -

1) Population made of young people so government focuses on policies important to young people e.g education and childcare

2) Fewer older people so government doesn't focus on policies important to pledge people e.g pensions

3) Government has to make policies to keep population growth under control so social and economic impacts of rapid population growth don't get worse

Birth Control Programmes -

Aim to reduce birth rate by having laws about how many children couples can have. Also, governments help couples plan (and limit) how many children they can have by offering contraception and sex education.

Helping towards sustainable development as population won't get much bigger. Resources won't be used up lots so some will be left for future generations

Immigration Laws -

Aim to control immigration by government limiting number of people allowed to immigrate and they can be selective of who they let in e.g. Letting in fewer people of child bearing age means fewer immigrants having children. Helps towards sustainable development b/c it slows down population growth rate

Has largest population of any country in world = over 1.3 billion

One Child Policy introduced in 1979 - encouraging couples to only have child. Couples following policy given benefits like longer maternity leave, better housing and free education for child. Couples that disobey policy don't get any benefits and are fined part of their income. Over years, policy changed, some exceptions are -

in rural areas, couples allowed second child if first is girl or has a physical disability - this is because more children needed on farms to work. If one parent has disability or if both parents are only children, then second child is allowed - so there's enough people to look after the parents

Effectiveness of policy: 1) Prevented up to 40 million births. Fertility rate dropped from 5.7 in 1970 to 1.8 today. 2) Some say just the OCP alone didn't slow population growth, older policies had a contribution too. Policy helped towards sustainable development - population hasn't grown so fast as it would have done without policy, therefore fewer resources have been used.

World's fourth biggest population - over 240 million.

Transmigration- movement of population from core to periphery, to reduce pressure of over population in certain areas of a country to evenly distribute population, so resources used up equally - more sustainable. Too many people applied for scheme can support b/c of incentives ( free housing, food, land, fertiliser, transport and $7000). Policy not so sustainable b/c overcrowding in Java hasn't been so effective and sustainable as only impacts of population have reduced, poverty hasn't been escaped by moving from Java to Sumatra

- improving education standards and equality

-providing literacy rate classes in towns and villages.

-improving child health through vaccination programmes.

- educating people to understand benefits of small families.

-The Right to Literacy Programmes organsies reading,writing and reading classes in villages, owever remote, they are always well attended.

-providing free contraception and advice

Economic:

- Fewer people paying taxes: reduces the income for thegovernment so it cannot invest -More pensions need to be paid: If not paid, could risk companies to have huge debts, affecting future economic development.

Social:

More healthcare services needed: to look after elderly because of ageing population but less money to spend on infrastructure.

Tackling ageing population with strong pro- natal policy, encouraging people to have children to produce more favourable age structure and dependency ratio.

French Government given incentives to couples who have children e.g. 3 years paid parental leave, full time schooling starts at age 3; fully paid by government. Also day acre for children younger than 3 is subsidised by government. Lastly, more children woman has, earlier retirement on full pension.

People from Poland moving to UK for better standard of living and job opportunities to earn more money as the exchange rate of British pound is more than currency of Poland.

Impacts on Poland:

-population fell by 0.3%

-shortages of workers back home, slowing economy of Poland down.

- economy boosted by money sent home from emigrants (3 billion euros in 2006)

Impacts on UK:

-UK population increased

-Immigration boosted UK economy, but money earned sent home,

- New Polish shops to serve Polish communities.

Negative aspects of a place which encourage people to move away

Pull Factors -

Attractions and opportunities of a place that encourage people to move there

Emigrant -

Someone leaving their country of residence to move to another country.

Migrant- person who leaves one place to another