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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a case study?
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A research method that involves a detailed study of one individual group or event.
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What are closed questions?
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Questions with a range of answers from which the respondent selects one
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What is a confederate?
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A person in a study who appears to be a real participant, but is in fact a "stooge" who is instructed how to behave by the investigator.
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What is confidentiality?
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A participants right to have personal information protected.
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What is a content analysis?
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An indirect observation of behaviour, such as from books, film, TV, Diaries etc.
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What is control?
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The extent to which any variable is held constant by the researcher.
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What is a controlled observation?
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An investigation in which behavior is watched under controlled conditions, usually in a lab setting e.g. the strange situation.
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What is the correlation coefficient?
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A number between -1 and +1 which indicates the strength of the relationship between 2 variables.
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What is a correlational analysis?
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A research method for investigating the relationship between 2 variables.
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What is counterbalancing?
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An experimental technique to overcome order effects: each condition is tested first or second in equal amounts (ABBA)
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What is a cross-cultural study?
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An investigation in which the different behavior of different cultural groups is compared.
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What is deception?
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When a participant isn't told the true aims of the study and so cannot give informed consent.
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What are demand characteristics?
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A cue that makes participants aware of how they are expected to behave, usually leading to them changing their behavior to please the experiment.
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What is a dependent variable?
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The variable in an experiment is measured.
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What is a directional hypothesis?
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the predicted difference or correlation between groups of participants is stated.
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What does double blind mean?
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Neither the person running the research nor the participant are aware of the research aims or which condition of an experiment the participants are in.
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What are Ethical guidelines?
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Semi-legal documents that that establish principles for standard practice.
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What is the Ethics committee?
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A group of people who must approve a study before it begins.
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What is an Experiment?
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A research method in which a difference is researched between 2+ conditions; the experimenter is looking for the IV to effect the DV.
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What is an experimental design?
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A set of procedures used to control the influence of factors such as participant variables: how the participants are organized between the conditions of an experiment.
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What is external validity?
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The degree to which research findings can be generalized to...
-Other settings (ecological validity) -other people (population validity) -Over time (historical validity) |
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What are extraneous variables?
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Anything other than the independent variable which has an effect on the participant's performance; also known as confounding variables.
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What is a field experiment?
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A controlled investigation in the natural setting, in which the experimenter directly manipulates the IV.
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What is generalisability?
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Being able to apply findings to people beyond the sample in the research.
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What is the Hawthorne effect?
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A type of situational variable; the participants change their behavior because they know they are being observed.
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What is an imposed etic?
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A research technique is developed in one culture and then applied to another, leading to false conclusions (often that one is better than another).
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What is and independent groups design?
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The variable in an experiment which is manipulated by the experiment.
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What is informed consent?
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Participants have the right to be given comprehensive information about...
-The nature and purpose of the research. -Their role in it So they can make an informed decision about whether or not to take part. |
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What is internal validity?
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Whether the study has tested what it set out to test.
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What is inter-rater reliability?
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All the observers rate the behaviours they are watching in a consistent way.
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What is an interview?
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A research method which is a face to face interaction that results in data collection.
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What is investigator bias?
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The effect that an investigator's expectations which have an effect on the participants and results of the study.
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What are investigator effects?
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Anything the investigator does which has an effect on a participants performance.
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What is a laboratory experiment?
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A controlled investigation in a lab setting, in which the experiment directly manipulates the IV.
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What is a longitudinal study?
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An investigation over a long period of time
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What is a matched pairs design?
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Different participants are in different conditions of an experiment, but they are matched for important variables.
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What is the Mean?
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A method of central tendency: add up all the data then divide by the number of pieces of data .
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What is a measure of central tendency?
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A descriptive statistic describing the average score.
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What is a measure of dispersion?
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A descriptive statistic describing how spread out the scores are.
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What is the Median?
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A method of central tendency: put all the data into numerical order and the median is the middle value.
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What is a meta-analysis?
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Findings from a number of studies are compared to reach a general conclusion about behavior.
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What is the mode?
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A method of central tendency: the most frequent piece of data.
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What is Mundane realism?
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How much the study mirrors the real world; how realistic it is.
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What is a natural experiment?
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An investigation in the natural setting, in which the experimenter doesn't directly manipulate the IV
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What is a non-directional hypothesis?
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Predicts that there will be no significant difference or correlation between the participants.
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What is a null hypothesis?
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Predicts that there will be no significant difference or correlation.
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What are open questions?
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Questions which invite the respondent(s) to choose their own answers.
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What is opportunity sampling?
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A sampling method in which the first people the researcher comes across are used in the research.
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What does order effects mean?
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In a repeated measures design, participants change their performance in a 2nd condition.
-getting better out of practice -Or worse through boredom/screw you effect. |
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What are participant variables?
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Any factor about the participant, other than the IV which could cause the DV to change.
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What is a pilot study?
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A small-scale trial run of a study to test any aspects of design, with a view to making improvements.
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What is presumptive consent?
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A way of dealing with deception, lack of informed consent. A group of people similar to the participants are asked whether or not they would have consented when presented with the procedures for a study.
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What is privacy?
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A person's right to control the flow of information about themselves.
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What is protection from harm?
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Participants shouldn't experience negative psychological or physical effects from taking part in the research.
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What is qualitative data?
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Data that expresses the quality of things e.g. pictures, open questions etc.
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What is quantitative data?
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Data that has a numerical value.
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What is a questionnaire?
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A self-report technique which collects data through written questions.
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What is random allocation?
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Participants are assigned to different conditions of an experiment using random sampling techniques
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What is random sampling?
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A sampling method in which every person from the target population has an equal chance of being picked for the research.
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What is the range?
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A measure of dispersion: difference between the highest and lowest value
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What is reliability?
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Consistency
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What is a repeated measures design?
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The same participants are all the conditions of the experiment.
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What is the right to withdraw?
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Participants should be allowed to stop taking part in the study at any point, including the right to refuse permission for their data to be used.
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What is a sample?
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The people who take part in the research.
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What is sampling?
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The process of selecting participants for research.
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What is a scattergram?
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A graph for representing correlational data.
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What does single blind mean?
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The participant isn't aware of the research aims or which condition of an experiment they are allocated to.
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What are situational variables?
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Any factor about the situation, other than the IV that can cause the DV to change.
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What is social desirability bias?
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When participants respond to questions so as to look good.
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What is standard deviation?
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A measure of dispersion: how far, on average, the scores deviate from the from the mean score.
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What is a structured interview?
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A face to face interaction in which the questions are decided in advance of the interview.
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What are structured observations?
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Behavior is watched and recorded in a systematic way; e.g. behavioral categories, coding, time sampling and tallies.
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What is the Target population?
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The people to whom the research can be generalized.
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What is time sampling?
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A technique for observing systematically where the behavior is recorded on a regular time schedule.
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What is an unstructured interview?
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A face to face interaction in which the questions aren't decided in advance.
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What are unstructured observations?
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All behavior is recorded but not in a systematic way.
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What is validity?
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Accuracy
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What is volunteer bias?
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The participants don't represent the target population because they are more highly motivated than randomly selected participants.
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What is volunteer sampling?
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A sampling method in which people select themselves for the research e.g. responding to a newspaper advertisement.
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