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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Upper (Late) Pleistocene-
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-128-10 KYA
-Intense glacial conditions existed ca. 75 KYA and ca. 29-18 KYA -Last Glacial Maximum ca. 18 KYA with sea levels down ca. 130 m (426 ft) below modern levels. -Average temp. worldwide was about -7°C lower than today w/ temps near the glacial front -15.5°C (-60°F) -Vegetation was different w/ cold species and biomes (e.g., tundra) found further south; some desert areas were actually wetter during the Last Glacial Maximum than today (e.g. Sahara, S. African deserts, US SW) -Rainforests were smaller and compressed into low areas |
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(Upper Pleistocene)
Eemian Interglacial- |
-128-118 KYA (or 126-116 K B. C.)
-A warm period (Modern H. Sapiens) |
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(Upper Pleistocene)
Weichsel Glaciation- |
-Begins 118 KYA
-European and N. American ice sheets expand and sea levels were down ca. 70 m (230 ft) |
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How long ago were H. sapiens living in SW Asia (aka Middle East)? Where did they migrate from?
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By about 100 KYA, having migrated from Africa.
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What in Israel indicates that Neanderthals and H. sapiens were living in the same region at roughly the same time? About what time?
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Cave sites. About 92-45 KYA.
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What, ca. 45 KYA, suggests that H. sapiens, or at least the ________ most frequently associated w/ them, replaced archaic _______ &/ or peoples (e.g., Neanderthals)?
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The Upper Paleolithic (blade & bone based) tool technology.
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Upper Paleolithic Transition-
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Checkout bottom right of PG. 2 of chapter 4 Outline notes.
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What acted like the Swiss Army Knife?
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Blade technology. Top right Pg. 3 Outline notes
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Characteristic artifacts used by Paleolithic groups in western Europe:
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-harpoons
-bone points -spear-thrower -Solutrean points -scrapers -chisel-ended burin |
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"Cultural Explosion" or "Mental Explosion" of the Upper Paleolithic-
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-Modern H. sapiens in Mid East began to burn their dead w/ animal jaws ca. 100 KYA.
-Real "cultural explosion" did not occur until about 50-30 KYA: = 50 KYA, blade technology in SW Asia (Middle East) = 40 KYA, art objects appear in Europe. = 35 KYA, Australia is settled = 30 KYA, rapid cultural change is found virtually worldwide w/ the exception of the Americas (the "last frontier" of the Paleolithic) |
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"Cultural Explosion" and Replacement of the Neanderthals-
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Neanderthals & H. sapiens apparently coexisted in Europe for at least several thousand years, w/ Neanderthals using Upper Paleolithic technology as revealed in some cave sites(e.g. St. Cesaire, France, ca. 36 KYA)
-By 33 KYA, modern H. sapiens were the only remaining hominid in Europe w/ their population represented by the so-called Cro-Magnon (named after the rockshelter of the same name near Les Eyzies, France) |
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What are some possibilities of how H. sapiens replaced Neanderthals?
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1. Ecological competition
2. Out Breeding 3. Genocide |
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What are some traits of the Cultural Explosion in Europe and Elsewhere?
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-Higher pop. densities post 33 KYA, esp. in European river valleys
-More regulare social gatherings -More stylistic variation in stone & bone artifacts (marking territorial or social boundaries- possibly the foundation for regionalized, multiethnic Europe?) -More emphasis on working bone & antler -Shift toward greater hunting of heard animals -Increasing use of personal ornamentation -Greater quantities of raw materials coming from distant sources, indicative of long distance trade networks. |
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The Artistic Explosion-
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- Between 42-32 KYA, bone ornaments such as beads, pendants, animal teeth were being used.
-Roughly contemporaneously, images of animals, humans, and other symbols were painted on cave walls in Europe. -By ca. 27 KYA, art was also found in S. African and Australian caves. -Only after ca. 20 KYA does art become commonplace, w/ some 200 caves in SW Europe & about 10,000 sculpted & engraved objects from Europe to Siberia. -Even musical instruments have been found (bone flutes) |
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What is some evidence for the "Culture Explosion" (ca. 50-40 KYA)?
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-Cave paintings
-Jewelry -Trade -Composite + Special tools -Musical instrument -Sculpture -Blade Industry -Detailed Depictions of animals (cave paintings) |
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Grotte De Chauvet, France-
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-Left middle of Page 4 of Chapter outline.
-PG. 128 Book |
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What was one of the earliest known human artworks? Where was it found and when does it date to?
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A lion-headed anthropomorphic statuette. It was carvedfrom a smallmammothtusk. Found in Stadel Cave, Germany. Dates to 32 KYA.
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What did Alexander Marchack claim to be a "time factorial" object? What is a "time factorial object?"
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A Engraved bonefromLa Marche, France. A time factorial object is basically a calendar.
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(Late Paleolithic Houses of Eurasia)
Mezhirich- |
-Ukraine, ca. 17 KYA
-5 houses -110,000 sq ft of area -50 people |
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(Late Paleolithic Houses of Eurasia)
Dolni Vestonice- |
-Czech Republic, ca. 27 KYA
-100-120 people |
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Paleo Siberia-
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-The likely origin of American Indians (Paleosiberians to Paleoindians)
-Earliest occupations date to betwen 38-28 KYA, with strong evidence at ca. 34.9 KYA w/ a mixed Middle Paleolithic & blade technology (archaic + modern) -Later occupations are found in the Lake Baikal & Mal'ta regions dating to 22 KYA, some with semisubterranean houses similar to those in Dolni Vestonice - Afontova gora occupations were found over a larger area & to the north, dating to 21-20 KYA -D'uktai culture may date to as early as 30 KYA, but most American archaeologists accept 16-13 KYA; D'uktai stone tools resemble some of the earliest American stone tools (Clovis... etc.) - IMPORTANT BECAUSE THESE SIBERIAN CULTURES WERE THE PEOPLES WHO EVENTUALLY MIGRATED TO THE NEW WORLD VIA ALASKA. |
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Artifacts of the D'uktai tradition-
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-Wedge-shaped core; characteristic found on both sides of the Bering Strait.
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