Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
182 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
Plaza de Haucapata
|
Plaza in the middle of the Cuzco where noble temples were built around
|
|
|
What did the Incas do to the Plaza to try and honour Mama Pacha
|
Covered in with sand
-previously paved
|
|
|
What river runs through Cuzco?
|
Waytani River
|
|
|
What is Cuzco said to resemble?
|
A puma
|
|
|
2 main areas of Cuzco:
|
Hanansaya (upper)
Hurinsaya (lower) |
|
|
What is a common metaphor for the 2 sayas?
|
Left hand and right hand, 2 parts to make a whole
|
|
|
What is the saya system called?
|
The moiety system
|
|
|
Who had buildings along the Plaza de Haucapata?
|
The royal panacas
|
|
|
Who didn't live in the heart of Cuzco?
|
Commoners
|
|
|
Cuzco was a ________ center?
|
Pilgrimage center
|
|
|
Who lives in Cuzco?
|
The nobility
|
|
|
What do all the servants do after and before work?
|
Come and leave the city through checkpoints
|
|
|
Cusipata
|
A big open area, lined with houses of the ethnic lords in each province
|
|
|
What were the houses arranged like?
|
Arranged around the cusipata in terms of what suyu they were from
-metaphor for the outlay of the empire |
|
|
Qorikancha
|
The most elite temple in the empire
|
|
|
What saya is Qorikancha located in?
|
Hurinsaya
|
|
|
What did the spanish build overtop of Qorikancha?
|
A cathedral
|
|
|
What was located in the Qorikancha?
|
-where the gods resided as well as gold, silver, statues and imperial mummies |
|
|
What else would the Incas place inside the Qorikancha?
|
Wak'as of the places they conquered, kept them here so they could converse with the Inca gods
|
|
|
Virachoca:
|
Creator god
|
|
|
Sun and moon god:
|
Inti and mamakilla
|
|
|
Who was another important deity that warriors and their mothers would pray to?
|
The weather god, thunder, the inca war god
|
|
|
What was the emperor and empress considered?
|
The son of the sun and the daughter of the moon
|
|
|
What were offerings to the wak'as like?
|
Could be chichi, burned garmets, anything considered precious
in serious situations, human life! |
|
|
What did the Incas do with their dead royalty?
|
Mummified in a position, with there knees up, new garnets made for them all the time, even served food at festivals
|
|
|
Saywite
|
West of Cuzco, area that the Incas incorporated into there empire early on under Pacha Kuti, would have had a different ethnic group
|
|
|
What was saywite famous for?
|
A massive carved stone boulder
-Inca shrine "Stone of Saywite" - |
|
|
What is carved on the stone of Saywite?
|
Lizards, frogs, pumas, moneys, humans, maize stocks and buildings
|
|
|
what is this stone called and what was it used for?
|
a divination stone, used by priests that would pour chicha down the carved channels
|
|
|
What is behind the stone in Saywite?
|
a temple with a water shrine, a fountain with 9 layers
|
|
|
What is below the temple in the valley?
|
Many more carved stones
|
|
|
What was one of the reasons the Incas made these stones?
|
To take over ethnic groups without a massive effort, locals would make offerings to these stones to
|
|
|
Ushnu
|
Large platform stage that the nobles would look out on when visiting
|
|
|
What was the point of the ushnu in the Saywite?
|
Put the Inca stamp on the local area, incorporated the local people into there customs
|
|
|
pottery with the pointed bottom:
|
Aryballo
|
|
|
What was an aryballo used for?
|
dispensing chicha
|
|
|
pottery made by specialists in cuzco:
|
imperial
|
|
|
pottery made by local potters of different provinces:
|
provincial (imitations)
|
|
|
weaving and pottery were used for:
|
gifts and sacrifices
|
|
|
festivals:
|
happen in February and
|
|
|
each village will have one big festival _______
|
every year
|
|
|
what does a festival require?
|
a male sponsor
|
|
|
how are these male sponsors chosen?
|
a community village meeting
|
|
|
how does the seating work at the meeting?
|
men seated in front, women seated on the ground in the back
|
|
|
who talks during the meeting?
|
men
|
|
|
who gets the last say in the meeting?
|
women
|
|
|
why are wira warma important in the decision making?
|
they no the economic situation and capabilities of everyone in the village?
|
|
|
how does choosing a sponsor work as a levelling mechanism?
|
makes sure no one in the village gets to rich, if you are getting more wealthy then others you will be chosen
|
|
|
Power objects
|
enqas
|
|
|
Sonqos power objects:
|
taytacha-2 crosses
Mamacha-2 little mothers (statues of virgins) |
|
|
what do the crosses symbolize?
|
crucifixion of christ
|
|
|
What are some of the things people must do during the festivals?
|
participate there hardest, drink and dance harder then everyone else
|
|
|
Why do the Runa exert so much energy at the festivals?
|
The energy they expend will come back to the ayllu. if the taytachas and mamachas are impressed they will give the vitality back to the runa
|
|
|
Mache Fiesta
|
the town of Maches festival
|
|
|
ome to visit other towns festivals
|
come to visit other towns festivals
|
|
|
At festival time, people who have left Mache to work or move will:
|
come back
|
|
|
In Mache one year, the sponsor brought in:
|
a band from another village
|
|
|
Customary drinking practice:
|
fill a glass, then pass the bottle, drink the glass, then pass it, the next person fills the glass, passes the bottle, then passes the glass, repeat
|
|
|
Reasons for celebrating in February:
|
most wet season, potatoes and beans ready to harvest
|
|
|
Chakitaku:
|
digging stick
|
|
|
Inca times there was a big ceremony for:
|
ploughing the land
|
|
|
what did the emperor and empress do at the beginning of the festival?
|
break the first piece of land each year
|
|
|
what did that festival require?
|
lots of offerings and libations to mama pacha
|
|
|
Storehouse had a guardian of some kind:
|
bird or animal skull, sometimes skull of an ancestor
|
|
|
Wakaqilla flowers:
|
"you'll just cry out"
-women told to chew these to open there throats for singing |
|
|
Qoyllur Rit'i
|
Snow covered mountain South of Cuzco that had a huge pilgrimage to it every year
|
|
|
What did the festivities at Qoyllur Rit'i include?
|
dance troupes
|
|
|
Ch'unchu
|
Specific dance troupe that represented the people of the tropical forest
|
|
|
Ukuku
|
Specific dance troupe, bear dancers, comical and frightening at the same time
|
|
|
Qolla
|
Specific dance troupe, represents traders from the southern region of Lake Titicaca
|
|
|
Marco Huamachucho
|
Northern Sierra Peru
-had buildings 2-3 stories high, large walls surrounding the city |
|
|
Yawar Mayu:
|
"blood river"
|
|
|
The Runa know the mountains need to be fed:
|
liked blood and human corpses had to be sacrificed
|
|
|
What is the tradition that the Incas and Runa do to honour the Mountains with blood?
|
A Tinku
|
|
|
Tinku:
|
more of a concept then a word
-2 rivers coming together and one things flows on -mixing 2 things together to make a brand new thing |
|
|
What is the Tinku like?
|
2 opposing sides coming together in a violent release of energy
|
|
|
What could the 2 sides of a tinku be?
|
1.) hanan vs hurin
2.) 2 ayllus 3.) 2 separate towns |
|
|
How does a tinku begin?
|
Head man and his wife toast to the other sides head man and wife and mama pacha
|
|
|
How does the tinku heat up?
|
start yelling friendly things, slowly start bantering, then escalates to insults, people get angry
|
|
|
what weapon gets brought out?
|
slings
|
|
|
When did a tinku end before it became illegal?
|
after someone died
|
|
|
who could be the person that died?
|
anyone, man, women, child, all that matters is that someone was sacrificed to mama pacha
|
|
|
Paititi
|
A story of the incas return, a runa went looking for his cattle, stumbled into a ancient Inca who showed him a Inca city of gold
|
|
|
Inka Ri
|
Last independent king was coaxed out by the spanish and beheaded, the rest of his body is slowly growing back from his head
|
|
|
what is the moral of these 2 stories:
|
the Incas will rise again, while throw out the spanish and misti kuna and will rule again
|
|
|
Ashlar masonry
|
stone bricks laid in perfect rows, every stone is a slightly different size, fit perfectly together
|
|
|
How did the Incas shape these stones?
|
With hammer stones
|
|
|
What is the method that the incas used to shape the stones?
|
"bounce and twist" method
|
|
|
What is the bounce and twist method?
|
drop the stone, catch, twist in a rhythmic motion
|
|
|
How long does it take to smooth a surface?
|
20 mins
|
|
|
how many hammer stone sizes were used?
|
3 stones, a 4kg, 2 kg, and smaller stone
|
|
|
Cyclopean masonry
|
bigger stones at the base, smaller at the top fitted tightly together
-resists earthquakes |
|
|
Stonework analogy:
|
like the entire empire, all the provinces fit together in one big mosaic, some are big, some are small, every piece is needed
|
|
|
Saqsawaman
|
On a hill looking down at Cuzco
-unfinished building |
|
|
Who was ruling when Saqsawaman was being built?
|
Topa Inca
|
|
|
How many men where working on Saqsawaman and for how long?
|
30,000 men for 25 year
|
|
|
How did the Incas move these massive stones from the quarries?
|
Dragged with ropes along well paved roads, slippery when wet
|
|
|
What did the Incas do to put the stones in place?
|
Put on rollers to get them in position, then hoisted up and held up with logs, then used a scribe
|
|
|
How did a scribe work?
|
wood and string tied to it with a stone, moved along showing how the stone will sit on the wall, made mirror image of the bottom surface on the top
|
|
|
Ollantaytambo
|
Has a large inca temple on top of a hill with large stone blocks on top
|
|
|
How did they get the stones on top?
|
sled and slider ladders method with lever pulls
|
|
|
what is the advantage of the sled and sliders?
|
can go over the rough terrain
|
|
|
Where is Machu Picchu?
|
north of the Urubamba river from Cuzco
|
|
|
What was Machu Picchu?
|
Was a royal estate, owned by Pacha Kuti and his panaca
|
|
|
What was Machu Picchu?
|
Referred to as the lost city of the Incas
|
|
|
Who was Machu Picchu discovered and publicized as the lost city by?
|
Hiram Bingham
|
|
|
Who lived at Machu Picchu?
|
Nobility, no servants
|
|
|
What is at the entrance of Machu Picchu
|
The "Sun Gate"
-Intipunku, where guards would be checking who goes in and out |
|
|
What is happening to Machu Picchu today?
|
seen as a powerful spot in the world, many tourists visit everyday, all year
|
|
|
Why are there protests to increase the amount of people in there despite the fact its detrimental to the site?
|
$100 a head to get in, important to Peruvian economy
|
|
|
who is ruling the empire at its height in 1515AD?
|
Huayna Capac
|
|
|
During his reign, where did Huayna Capac go to settle a uprise?
|
North to settle a group of savages who rose up and slaughtered there Inca Governors
|
|
|
Huayna Capacs panaca:
|
Tumipampa
|
|
|
Hauyna Capacs wife and son:
|
Kusi Rimaq
Ninan |
|
|
First Consort and son:
|
Rahua Oqllo
Waskhar |
|
|
Who does Huayna Capac take north with him and who did he leave behind?
|
The empress and her sons, and Rahua Oqllo but not Waskhar (to young)
|
|
|
Rumichaca:
|
stone bridge Huayna Capac constructed in the north over a very deep ravine
|
|
|
Cuenca (Tumipampa)
|
City where Huayna Capac was born
"City of Eternal Spring" |
|
|
What did Hauyna Capac build in Tumipampa and why declare the city was going to be?
|
His palace, Pumapungo and declared the city was going to be another Inca capital
|
|
|
Rio Tomebamba
|
River that runs through Cuenca
|
|
|
How long did the campaign take and why?
|
several years, possibly because Huayna Capac didn't want to return to Cuzco, liked the climate up North better
|
|
|
What was going on back in Cuzco while Capac was up north?
|
There was a plot to depose him, but it was discovered and the leaders were beheaded
|
|
|
Hatun kanar (Ingapirca)
|
Capital of the Kanari people
|
|
|
What were the Kanari people regarded as?
|
The most civilized of the northern people
|
|
|
Who did the Kanari develop a close relationship with?
|
Topa Incas lineage after they were conquered by him
|
|
|
What kind of masonry was seen in Hutan Kanar that is not seen very much?
|
Rounded walls
|
|
|
Rumicucho
|
Fortress up in the highlands that guarded their borders up in Ecuador
-Low walls, quite simple |
|
|
What was important for the fortress?
|
The position, up on a hill top, has a commanding view of the entire region around it
|
|
|
Who are the 3 tribe groups that have an alliance and fight against the Incas in the north?
|
1.) Pasto
2.) Cayambi 3.) Caranqui |
|
|
What was one of the possible reasons it took Huayna Capac so long to defeat these tribe groups?
|
The landscape was all forest, and the natives fighting style was scattered, couldn't have one big battle
|
|
|
What happened to Huayna Capac that caused him to be angry with his generals?
|
Almost died in a battle, was surrounded by the enemy and his generals weren't there to protect him
|
|
|
What did Huayna Capac do to the generals to punish them?
|
Cut there rations and then didn't invite them to the victory party
|
|
|
Offended, what did the generals threaten to do?
|
Leave and take a large chunk of the army with them
|
|
|
What did Huayna Capac do to make them stay?
|
Had a women dress up as the goddess of the moon and tell them if they stayed huayna capac had many gifts for them
|
|
|
Where did the Incas chase the natives after they trapped them outside there fortress?
|
Lake Yahuarcocha
"Lake of Blood" |
|
|
Where did Huayna Capac spend a lot of time after the rebellion is over and done with?
|
Tumipampa and Quito
|
|
|
When did disease start spreading around the empire?
|
1528 AD
|
|
|
How many people would have died due to this disease?
|
At least 200,000
|
|
|
How did Huayna Capac die?
|
The disease killed him
|
|
|
What did Huayna Capac say when asked who would be the next emperor after he died?
|
Nominate my son Ninan, but if he can't take over, I nominate my son Waskhar if the omens are good
|
|
|
Why could Ninan not rule?
|
He died from the disease as well
|
|
|
Despite bad omens, What does Waskhar do?
|
Declares himself emperor
|
|
|
what did Waskhar do to anyone who opposed him?
|
Executed and had there estates taken
|
|
|
What saya did Waskhar change himself to?
|
Was born into Hanansaya, but changed into Hurinsaya
|
|
|
Why did Waskhar switch sayas?
|
A political move, trying to get all of Hurinsaya on his side
-already had the support of tumipampa panaca of hanansaya |
|
|
Who was Ata Walpa?
|
One of Huayna Capacs sons, who ruled Quito after his father died
|
|
|
What was Waskhar ordering all the generals to do?
|
Come back to Cuzco, where he was executed them all, getting ride of anyone that could get in his way
|
|
|
Who refused to return to Cuzco under Waskhars orders?
|
Ata Walpa, knew what was going on
|
|
|
After Ata Walpa continued to come to Cuzco for a few years, what did Waskhar do?
|
Sent an army north to Quito to arrest Ata Walpa
|
|
|
Where do Ata Walpa and Waskhar's race to to try and control an important pass?
|
Town of Mocha, on the south border of Quito
|
|
|
Who did Waskhars army have the support of in the north?
|
The Kanari people
|
|
|
How many men does Ata Walpa have march north
|
13,000 men
|
|
|
Las Campinas de Mocha
|
"an open flat area" where the first battle took place
|
|
|
What was the outcome of this battle?
|
13,000 men vs. 40,000 men
-Quitans defeated for they had to climb up a slope to get to the flatland, where outnumbered and couldn't see how many other men were there |
|
|
What was the significance of this battle
|
first time there was Inca vs. Inca fighting
-Civil war, very detrimental to the empires image |
|
|
What happened after this battle?
|
The battles continued, Ata Walpas men knew they either had to take Cuzco or die
|
|
|
who were the 2 generals that led Ata Walpas men?
|
1.) Quiz Quiz
2.) Chalcochima |
|
|
What does Ata Walpa do during these battles?
|
Remains in Quito, if he were to die the whole mission was over, now making a case that he should be emperor
|
|
|
Who was it that had actual claim to the throne?
|
Waskhar-> more noble, mother was Huayna Capacs sister
|
|
|
Yanamarca
|
Plain were a large battle took place
|
|
|
How many men were on each side?
|
130,000
|
|
|
How did Chalcochimas men victorious?
|
Took 5,000 men and runs around the hills, comes down along the sides and breaks into waskhars army from the side and rear, broke the ranks
|
|
|
What happened at Vicashuaman?
|
Waskhars army came upon a convoy of Ata Walpas mens wives, children and servants, slaughtered them all
|
|
|
Why was Ata Walpas army running out of time?
|
Men were out of food and weapons, outnumbered
|
|
|
How did Chalcochima and his men capture Waskhar?
|
Dressed up as Waskhars soldiers, marched up to Waskhars convoy and slaughtered his guards and took him captive
|
|
|
What did Chalcochima do to the Waskhar supporters?
|
Slaughtered some in the streets of Cuzco, others where taken up to Saqsawaman and lined up and slaughtered
|
|
|
After the war is done, what does Ata Walpa do?
|
Makes his way down to Cuzco
|
|
|
How far does Ata Walpa get and why?
|
Calamarca, where he meets Pizzaro
|
|
|
How many people lived in the empire |
12 million |
|
|
Which Inca ruler was captured by Pizzaro at Cajamarca , and forced to pay a huge ransom? |
Ata Walpa |
|
|
In what year did the great Inca rebellion take place? |
1536 |
|
|
When did the Spanish civil war take place (what years)? |
1537-1538 |
|
|
According to the early Spanish chroniclers, what factors allowed handful of conquistadors conquer the vast Inca Empire? |
a.) their own bravery b.) divine intervention |
|
|
According to modern popular account, why did the Inca empire collapse so quickly after the Spanish arrived? |
a.) Superior European technology b.) Biological-disease resistance |
|
|
What are the traditional beginning and end dates for the Inca empire? |
1438-1536 |
|
|
What did a new emperor inherit and not inherit under the law of split inheritance, and what does this law require them to do? |
Inherits: power and status doesn't inherit: wealth -have to find own wealth and form own Panaca |
|
|
According to Inca tradition, which royal person was selected to replace the previous emperor? (what were his qualifications?) |
-No fixed rule of succession -In theory, the most capable prince was chosen |
|
|
Subject peoples in the provinces were loyal to the Inca state because they valued their citizenship in the empire. True or False? |
False, No concept of citizenship. Often retained own language and culture under Inca rule |
|
|
When did Huayna Capac die? |
January 1528 |
|
|
When was the Inca civil war fought? |
May 1531-May 1532 |
|
|
What were the fundamental factors that contributed to the collapse of the Inca empire? 5.) |
a.) Law of split inheritance-Limited growth b.) No firm succession rule-led to conflict c.) Centralized authority in one individual d.) Civil war e.) Lack of national identity |
|
|
Attributing the collapse of the Inca Empire is primarily to European invaders with superior technology, cavalry, and tougher immune systems is an example of: |
culture bound ethnocentrism -looking at something from only the perspective of your culture and interpreting it only based on that. |
