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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Structure inside a cell. Each has a specific function and many are surrounded by membrane. |
Organelle
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A polymer consisting of many amino acid monomers covalently bonded together.
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Protein
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A molecule used to store energy temporarily in organisms. The molecule is broken down to release energy to drive metabolic processes.
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ATP
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Pigments found in chloroplasts of plant (and some protoctist) cells. Each molecule consists of a hydrocarbon tail and a porphyrin ring head with a magnesium atom.
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Chlorophyll
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A protein molecule that acts as a biological catalyst.
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Enzyme
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Cells that have a nucleus inside a nuclear envelope, and other membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryotic cell
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Chemicals made in endocrine glands that are carried in the blood to target cells/tissues/organs. They act as chemical messengers.
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Hormone
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Process by which plants, some bacteria and some protoctists make food using carbon dioxide, water and sunlight energy.
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Photosynthesis
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Also known as the plasma membrane.
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Cell surface membrane
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An organelle found in plants, which contains chlorophyll and is responsible for photosynthetic activity in the plant.
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Chloroplast
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A linear DNA molecule wrapped around histone proteins found in the nucleus. Become visible in prophase of cell division.
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Chromosome
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A polymer of nucleotide molecules that form the instructions for the synthesis of proteins found within organisms. Contains the 5-carbon sugar deoxyribose.
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DNA
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A 6-carbon monosaccharide sugar. Very important source of energy within cells. Substrate for glycolysis.
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Glucose
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Membrane-bound organelle in eukaryote cells. Involved in the modification and transport of proteins.
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Golgi apparatus
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Membrane-bound vesicles made by pinching off from the Golgi body. They usually contain digestive enzymes.
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Lysosome
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All the chemical reactions that take place in an organism.
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Metabolism
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The organelle found in cells in which most of the ATP synthesis occurs. It is the site of aerobic respiration.
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Mitochondrion
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A large, membrane-bound organelle found in eukaryotic cells, which contains the genetic material in the form of chromosomes.
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Nucleus
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The process in which energy is released from complex molecules, such as glucose, within cells and transferred to molecules of ATP.
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Respiration
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The organelle on which proteins are synthesised inside the cell.
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Ribosome
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A group of similar cells that perform a particular function.
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Tissue
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Describes a cell that is full of water as a result of entry of water due to osmosis such that pressure of the cell wall prevents more water entering.
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Turgid
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Movement of substances across membranes against their concentration gradient, requiring the use of energy in the form of ATP.
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Active transport
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An organic compound that contains both an amino group(–NH2) and a carboxyl group (–COOH). The monomers of protein molecules.
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Amino acid
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Method of cell division in bacteria. The DNA replicates and the cell divides into two, each having the same DNA as the parent cell.
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Binary fission
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A protein found in membranes, which is capable of carrying a specific molecule or ion through the membrane by active transport.
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Carrier protein
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A protein pore that spans a membrane, through which small ions and water soluble molecules may pass.
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Channel protein
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Material staining dark red in the nucleus during interphase. It consists of nucleic acids and proteins. Condenses into chromosomes during prophase of nucler division.
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Chromatin
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Short extensions of eukaryotic cells, typically 2–10 µm long and 0.03 µm in diameter. Used for locomotion or to move fluids or mucus over a surface.
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Cilia
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The folds found in the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. Stalked particles containing ATP synthase are found here.
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Cristae
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The development and changes seen in cells as they mature to form specialised cells.
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Differentiation
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The net movement of molecules or ions in a gas or liquid from an area of high concentration to an area where they are less concentrated.
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Diffusion
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Any system where different parts perform specialised functions, each contributing to the functioning of the whole, display this attribute.
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Division of labour
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A series of membrane-bound, flattened sacs extending from the outer nuclear membrane through the cytoplasm. Comes in rough and smooth forms.
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Endoplasmic reticulum
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An organism having cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.
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Eukaryote
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Sex cells, usually haploid (one set of chromosomes). Fuse during sexual reproduction to form zygotes (diploid).
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Gamete
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A length of DNA that carries the code for the synthesis of one (or more) specific polypeptide(s).
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Gene
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A protein with carbohydrate molecules attached.
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Glycoprotein
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Type of protein associated with DNA in eukaryotes. DNA is wound around them to form chromatin.
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Histone
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Associating with water molecules easily (water-loving).
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Hydrophilic
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Water-repelling (water-hating).
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Hydrophobic
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Energy of movement.
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Kinetic energy
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Undifferentiated plant cells capable of rapid cell division.
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Meristem
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Nuclear division that results in the formation of cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.
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Mitosis
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The movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential across a partially permeable membrane.
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Osmosis
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A membrane that will allow some molecules to pass through but will not allow some others to pass through.
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Partially permeable membrane
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The membrane that surrounds every cell, forming the selectively permeable boundary between the cell and its environment.
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Plasma membrane
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Small, circular piece of DNA present in some bacterial cells. May have genes for antibiotic resistance and can also be used as vectors in genetic engineering.
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Plasmid
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Detachment of the plasma membrane from the cell wall as the cytoplasm shrinks when water is lost from a plant cell.
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Plasmolysis
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An organism with cells that do not contain a true nucleus.
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Prokaryote
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Protein or glycoprotein molecules on cell surfaces, used for attachment of specific substances such as hormones. Can be exploited by viruses.
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Receptor site
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Cells in the epithelium of roots that have long extensions to increase surface area for the absorption of water and minerals.
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Root hair cells
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A solid that dissolves in a liquid.
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Solute
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A structure consisting of protein fibres found in eukaryotic cells during cell division. They guide the movement of chromosomes to opposite end of the cell at telophase.
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Spindle
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Flattened membrane sacs in chloroplasts, which hold the pigments used in photosynthesis and are the site of the light reactions. A stack of these forms a granum.
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Thylakoid
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A membrane-bound sac found in cells and used to transport materials around the cell.
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Vesicle
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A measure of the ability of water molecules to move freely in solution. Decreased by the presence of solutes.
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Water potential
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A plant tissue containing vessels (and other cells) that are used to transport water in a plant and provide support.
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Xylem
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A version of a gene.
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Allele
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In mitosis, the stage when the newly separated chromatids are pulled towards opposite poles of the nuclear spindle.
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Anaphase
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The production of genetically identical new organisms by a single ‘parent’ organism.
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Asexual reproduction
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Airways in the lungs that lead from the trachea to the bronchioles.
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Bronchi
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Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
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Bronchioles
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The process by which known concentrations of a substance in a solution are used to make a standard curve on a graph. This can be used to determine the amount of that substance in solutions of unknown concentration.
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Calibration
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To determine the value of intervals of a scale on an instrument, such as a thermometer.
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Calibration
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Plant tissue in the stem and root that contains dividing cells.
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Cambium
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A class of biological molecules with the general formula (CH2O)n. It includes sugars, starches, glycogen and cellulose.
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Carbohydrate
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Processes that lead to communication and coordination between cells. Hormones binding to their receptors on the cell surface membrane are an example.
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Cell signalling
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A carbohydrate polymer (of beta-glucose) that forms plant cell walls.
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Cellulose
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An organelle from which the spindle fibres develop during cell division in animal cells.
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Centriole
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The region of a chromosome where two sister chromatids are joined together, and where the spindle fibre attaches during cell division.
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Centromere
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A lipid molecule found in all cell membranes that affects membrane fluidity and is involved in the synthesis of steroid hormones.
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Cholesterol
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A replicated chromosome appears as two strands in early stages of cell division. Each strand is called a…..
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Chromatid
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Lining cells that have cilia on their cell surface.
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Ciliated epithelium
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Genetically identical cells or individuals.
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Clones
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An organic non-protein molecule that binds temporarily with substrate to an enzyme active site. It is essential for enzyme activity.
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Coenzyme
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A structural fibrous protein found in connective tissue, bones, skin and cartilage. It accounts for 30% of body protein.
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Collagen
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A cell in the phloem involved in actively loading sucrose into the sieve tube elements, to which it is linked by many plasmodesmata.
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Companion cell
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Refers to structures that fit together because their shapes and/or charges match up. For example, adenine and cytosine in DNA.
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Complementary
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The difference in amount of a substance between two regions results in this.
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Concentration gradient
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A type of tissue that consists of separate cells held together by a ground substance (matrix).
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Connective tissue
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State of animal cells when they have been immersed in a solution of lower water potential and have lost water by osmosis and become shrivelled.
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Crenation
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The division of the cell, following nuclear division, to form two new cells.
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Cytokinesis
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The network of protein fibres and microtubules found within the cell that gives structure to the cell and is responsible for the movement of many materials within it.
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Cytoskeleton
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The difference in molecular concentration that allows diffusion to occur.
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Diffusion gradient
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Cells or organisms that have two copies of each chromosome in their nuclei.
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Diploid
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The process of taking materials into a cell by surrounding them with plasma membrane, which pinches off to form a vesicle inside the cell. This is an active process requiring ATP.
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Endocytosis
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Outer layer(s) of cells of a multicellular organism.
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Epidermis
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A tissue that covers the outside of a structure.
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Epithelium
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Red blood cells.
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Erythrocytes
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The process of removing materials from the cell by fusing vesicles containing the material with the plasma membrane .
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Exocytosis
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The passive movement of molecules across membranes down their concentration gradient. Aided by transport proteins but no metabolic energy is required.
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Facilitated diffusion
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The model of cell membrane structure proposed by Singer and Nicholson – a phospholipid bilayer with proteins ‘floating’ in it.
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Fluid mosaic
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All the genetic material inside an organism (or cell).
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Genome
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A lipid with carbohydrate molecules attached.
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Glycolipid
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In pairs, these form the stomatal pore in the epidermis plants. They control the opening and closing of the pore by changes in their turgidity.
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Guard cell
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The protein that carries oxygen in the red blood cells.
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Haemoglobin
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The rupturing of animal cell surface membranes, and subsequent release of their contents, when cells placed in a solution of higher water potential and water enters by osmosis.
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Haemolysis
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Chromosomes in diploid organisms that have the same genes at the same loci and that pair up during meiosis. Can also refer to structures that have a common evolutionary origin.
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Homologous
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The phase of the cell cycle where synthesis of new DNA and organelles takes place.
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Interphase
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A waterproofing substance that impregnates the walls of xylem tissue and gives wood its strength.
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Lignin
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A diverse group of chemicals that includes triglycerides, fatty acids and cholesterol.
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Lipid
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A cavity surrounded by a cell wall in cells, such as xylem vessels, which have lost their cell contents. Also used for the central cavities of blood vessels.
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Lumen
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The number of times greater an image is than the object.
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Magnification
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Nuclear division that results in the formation of cells containing half the number of chromosomes of the adult cell.
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Meiosis
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A type of RNA polynucleotide involved in protein synthesis. Carries the information coding for a polypeptide from the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
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Messenger RNA
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The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes line up at the equator of the spindle.
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Metaphase
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Proteins associated with microtubules. The proteins can move along microtubules. Kinesin moves towards the (+) end of the microtubules and dynein moves towards the (–) end.
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Microtubule motors
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Components of the cell cytoskeleton. Involved in mitosis, cytokinesis and movement of vesicles within cells.
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Microtubules
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Folds in the membrane of a cell that increase its surface area.
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Microvilli
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A slimy substance secreted by goblet cells in animal epithelial tissues. It is made up mostly of glycoproteins and protects and/or lubricates the surface on to which it is secreted.
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Mucus
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A change in the structure of DNA resulting in a change in the sequence of bases. Can refer to a change in in the structure or number of chromosomes.
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Mutation
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The double membrane structure surrounding the nucleus in eukaryotic cells.
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Nuclear envelope
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The total substances taken into an animal or plant for use in metabolism.
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Nutrition
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Term used to describe stem cells that retains the ability to differentiate into any other of the organism's cells.
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Omnipotent
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A collection of tissues that work together to perform a specific overall function or set of functions within a multicellular organism.
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Organ
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Relatively unspecialised plant cells. They have living contents and thin, permeable cellulose cell walls. They may be able to photosynthesise, store food or support young plants.
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Parenchyma
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A cell that can ingest bacteria or small particles. Macrophages and neutrophils are examples of this.
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Phagocyte
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A tissue in plants that is used to transport dissolved sugars and other substances.
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Phloem
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A molecule consisting of a glycerol molecule, two fatty acid molecules and a phosphate group covalently bonded together. Forms the basis of cell membranes.
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Phospholipid
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A large molecule made up of many/repeating similar, smaller molecules (monomers) covalently bonded together.
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Polymer
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The phase of mitosis where the chromosomes become visible as a pair of sister chromatids joined at the centromere.
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Prophase
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The ability in microscopy to distinguish two separate points as distinct from each other.
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Resolution
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A single-stranded polynucleotide molecule that exists in three forms. Each form plays a part in the synthesis of proteins within cells.
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RNA
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The replication of a DNA strand where the replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesised strand.
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Semi-conservative replication
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Production of a new individual formed by the fusing of gametes from two different parents so that the offspring have a unique combination of alleles from both parents.
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Sexual reproduction
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A cell in phloem tissue through which sap is transported. It has very little cytoplasm, no nucleus, and non-thickened cellulose cell walls, with the end walls perforated.
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Sieve tube element
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The component of water potential that is due to the presence of dissolved substances.
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Solute potential
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Liquid with dissolved solids.
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Solution
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A liquid that dissolves solids.
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Solvent
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Pore in leaf epidermis, surrounded by two guard cells. Changes in turgidity of the guard cells can open or close the stoma. Allows gaseous exchange and transpiration in plants.
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Stoma
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The gel-like matrix found in chloroplasts. The membranes of the thylakoids/grana are embedded in it.
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Stroma
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Final phase of mitosis. Two new nuclear envelopes form around the two new nuclei.
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Telophase
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Undifferentiated cell that is capable of differentiating into any kind of specialised cell.
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Totipotent/omnipotent
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The windpipe leading from the back of the mouth to the bronchi.
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Trachea
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The detailed structure of the internal components of cells as revealed by the electron microscope rather than by the light microscope.
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Ultrastructure
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Diploid cell made from fusion of male and female gametes.
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Zygote
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Fluid portion in centre of mitochondrion.
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Matrix
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Used to increase contrast in light microscopy.
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Staining
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Region of endoplasmic reticulum free of ribosomes. Site of lipid synthesis.
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Smooth ER
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Stacks of membranes in the chloroplast where light energy is collected for photosynthesis.
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Granum
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Denser staining region within the nucleus where ribosome assembly occurs.
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Nucleolus
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Whip-like organelle that is used for cellular locomotion by bacteria. Some protists and gametes have similar stuctures (undulipodia).
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Flagella
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Eukaryotic flagellum - has a different structure to bacterial flagellae.
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Undulipodia
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Ill-defined region in bacterial cell where chromosome is located.
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Nucleoid
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Short hair-like appendages found on the surface of bacteria. Help with DNA exchange (conjugation), locomotion and adhesion.
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Pili
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Extra coat of polysaccharide outside the cell wall carried by some bacteria.
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Capsule
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Strcuture adopted by phospholipids that gives membranes their properties.
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Bilayer
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The type of cell that responds to a particular hormone.
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Target cell
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Made up of interphase and mitosis, this refers to the process of cell multiplication.
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Cell cycle
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A large plant organelle involved in storing cell sap and regulating turgor pressure.
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Vacuole
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