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272 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What is the normal PCV range for a dog? |
37-55% |
|
Which color vacutainer is used to obtain serum? |
Red |
|
What is the term that we use for the white to gray layer ofa PCV where the white blood cells are located? |
buffy coat |
|
What effect could excessive EDTA have on the PCV value? |
Decrease it |
|
Nameone condition for an elevated T.P. |
Dehydration |
|
The basic components of a CBC include |
WBC count/ PCV/ Differential = All of the above |
|
Define plasma. |
Liquid portion of whole blood |
|
Which of the following are associated with bloodcoagulation? |
thrombocytes |
|
A normal white blood cell count in a canine would fall itowhich of the following ranges? |
6,000 - 16,000/mm3 |
|
What is another name for a PCV? |
hematocrit |
|
What type of stain is used for identifying reticulocytes? |
New Methylene Blue |
|
Which of the red blood cell line is the MOST immature? |
Rubriblast |
|
Which of the following is the the most mature nucleated red blood cell: |
metarubricyte |
|
Three causes of anemia include all but which of the following? |
Heart disease |
|
Ingestions of onions, toxic drugs, acetaminophen or garlic would all cause |
Heinz bodies. |
|
Variation of red blood cell size is known as |
anisocytosis. |
|
Which cell in the following RBC series is most mature? |
Metarubricyte |
|
What feature of K-9 red blood cells is defined as a pale area in the center of the cells with less hemoglobin? |
Central pallor |
|
In what species is rouleaux of red blood cells particularly evident? |
Equine |
|
Unusual shape of red blood cells that usually occur in chronic anemias is called |
poikilocytosis |
|
NRBC and Howell Jolly bodies are the only signs of regeneration shown in peripheral blood. |
False |
|
What is the term for shrunken red blood cells as a result of slow drying? |
crenation |
|
Clumping of RBC's is known as: |
agglutination |
|
Another name for a basophilic or polychromatic erythrocyte is: |
reticulocytes |
|
In an acute blood loss, the animal will show signs of regenerative anemia immediately. |
False |
|
Some common causes of Heinz bodies include: |
Tylenol onions certain plants All of the above |
|
The indices that tells the size of the average RBC is: |
M C V |
|
If an animal shows a non-regenerative anemia, the blood sample would show: |
normocytic cells |
|
Small darkly stained erythrocytes that are associated with immune mediated hemolytic anemais are: |
spherocytes |
|
A macrocytic hypochromic anemia is most likely associated with: |
regeneration |
|
Neutrophilia is defined as a decrease in overall white blood cell numbers. |
False |
|
What are the myeloid cels that are right before the band neutrophils in normal maturation of the white blood cells? |
metamyelocyte |
|
Which WBC is the most abundant and is the body's first line of defense? |
Neutrophil |
|
What cells are considered agranulocytes? |
Lymphocytes and monocytes |
|
The cell with large round red granules in the dog would be |
eosinophil |
|
Which cell is primarily responsible for the immune response? |
Lymphocyte |
|
All blood cells arise from a |
stem cell |
|
A right shift is when the number of WBC's are increased with immature cells present. |
False |
|
Which of the white blood cells have granules that vary the most from species to species? |
eosinophil |
|
A band neutrophil is an immature WBC also known as a metamyelocyte |
False |
|
What are the small blue, grey granules called that are found in toxic neutrophils? |
Doehle bodies |
|
An increased number of WBC in circulating blood is called |
leukocytosis |
|
The lymphocyte involved with antibody production is ______________. |
B-lymphocyte |
|
Causes of a stress leukogram include all of the following except? |
Addison's disease |
|
When they are in blood, they are called monocytes, however when they move into the tissues, they are called __________________. |
macrophages |
|
A lymphocyte which contains nucleoli are called a |
lymphoblast |
|
What are the 4 main features of toxicity in the neutrophil? |
-Basophilic -cytoplasm -Cytoplasmic vacuolation -Doehle bodies |
|
The hallmarks of a stress leukogram include all of the following except? |
neutropenia |
|
What would you expect to see in a degenerative left shift? |
an increase of bands with a leukopenia |
|
The presence of ________________ signify a systemic allergic reaction. |
eosinophils |
|
Piroplasmosis is associated with |
Babesia |
|
How is Lyme Disease transmitted? |
ticks |
|
Which of the following blood parasites resembles rabbit ears or tear drops when seen under the microscope? |
Babesia |
|
Dirofilaria immitis is a relatively common nematode found in dogs. |
True |
|
Another name for tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP) is called __________________. |
Ehrlichia |
|
The causative agent of Lyme Disease is? |
Borrelia burgdorferi |
|
Dirofilaria immitis uses a dog or cat flea as a host. |
False |
|
Dirofilaria immitis affects other species besides dogs |
True |
|
Feline infectious anemia is caused by Haemobartonella felis |
True |
|
A direct smear examination is the best way to determine the type of microfilariae? |
False |
|
White Blood Cell Count normals |
6,000 - 16,000 mm3 |
|
Leukocytes normal's = |
6,000 - 16,000/mm3 |
|
In dogs we will see a normal pcv of |
45% |
|
in cats we see normals as a little lower at |
37% |
|
Serum contains |
Albumin and Globulin |
|
Normal colors of serum dog, cat, and pig |
Clear |
|
Normal colors of serum cow and horse |
Yellow |
|
Thrombocytes (Platelets)Normal numbers = |
200,000 - 500,000/mm3 |
|
Red blood cell count normals are |
6-7 million mm3 for dogs and cats |
|
What is included in a CBC (Complete Blood Count) |
1. Red blood cell count |
|
PCV/3 = |
Hemoglobin estimate |
|
PCV/6 = |
RBC count estimate |
|
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells ) Circulation time |
90 to 120 days |
|
Neutrophil |
The body's first line of defense; Phagocytosis |
|
Approximately 2-10 % of the wbc's cells on a differential |
Eosinophil |
|
Approximately 1% or less of the wbc's cells on a differential |
Basophil |
|
Approximately 2-10 % of the wbc's cells on a differential; Associated with Chronic Inflammatory conditions |
Monocytes |
|
Approximately 12 - 30 % of the wbc's cells on a differential |
Lymphocytes |
|
____________ are divided into two types of cells depending on their specific function |
Lymphocytes |
|
involved with antibody production |
B lymphocytes |
|
involved with cellular immunity |
T lymphocytes |
|
elevated total protein levels in conjunction with elevated packed cell volume (PCV) suggest that the animal probably is |
dehydrated |
|
True or False Elevated total protein in conjunction with a low PCV is alarming because dehydration may well be masking a more severe anemia. |
True |
|
______________ is an accompaniment of chronic or severe acute blood loss anemia. |
hypoproteinemia |
|
The liquid portion of whole blood that still contains the coagulation factors |
Plasma |
|
The liquid portion of clotted blood used in many blood chemistry tests |
Serum |
|
Major Lymph Nodes palpated in small animals |
Prescapular |
|
______________ are characterized by decreased PCV, increased reticulocyte count, and polychromasia and anisocytosis in the blood film. |
Regenerative anemias |
|
__________________ have elevated MCV values and reduced MCHC values (macrocytic and hypochromic anemias). |
regenerative anemias |
|
____________ anemias are characterized by decreased PCV without evidence of response; that is, no reticulocytosis. |
Nonregenerative |
|
____________ "anemia of chronic disease" is the most commonly encountered anemia in veterinary medicine. |
Nonregenerative |
|
Granulocytes have visible granules or grains inside the cells that have different cell functions. Types of granulocytes include : |
basophils, neutrophils, and eosinophils. |
|
Agranulocytes are free of visible grains under the microscope and include: |
lymphocytes and monocytes. |
|
Signs of 5% dehydration |
dry mm |
|
Signs of 6-8% dehydration |
dry mm+ decreased skin turgor |
|
Signs of 10-12% dehydration |
dry mm+ decreased skin turgor+ rapid pulse + increased CRT, decreased mental status, sunken eyes |
|
Signs of >12% dehydration |
all of the others + hypothermic, close to death, probably irreversible |
|
Large extra-cellular parasites that affect many species, and are carried by biting insects. Rarely seen in US |
What are trypanosomes? |
|
Free swimming in peripheral bloodInsect vector - kissing bug, reduviid bug |
Trypanosomes |
|
Babesia canis was formerly called |
Piroplasma canis, so you may hear infection with this parasite called 'canine piroplasmosis.' |
|
Equine babesiosis is also known as |
piroplasmosis |
|
Acanthocytosis |
the presence of acanthocytes or RBCs with numerous and unequal projections. Associated with liver disease. |
|
abnomral clumping together of RBCs |
Agglutination |
|
Younger, greater than 5 clumps of reticulum. Counted in Retic count |
Aggregate Reticulocytes |
|
1. lymphocytes-most common |
Agranulocytes |
|
tick borne rickettsia disease found in cattle. Round, intra-erthyrocytic body found near margin of RBC. |
Anaplasma |
|
abnormal variation in the size of RBC. Sign of regenerative anemia. |
Anisocytosis |
|
Another name for tropical canine pancytopenia (TCP) is called |
Erlichia |
|
pear shaped or tear drop shaped organism. Transmitted by brown dog tick (tick borne hemoprotozoan disease). Can cause anemia. Common in racing greyhounds. |
Babesia |
|
Buffy coat of 1 mm is equal to approx. how many WBCs? |
10,000 WBCs |
|
1. Hemorrhage 2. Hemolysis 3. Inadequate production |
Causes of anemia |
|
Causes of a stress leukogram include? |
Stress, steroids, and Cushing's Disease |
|
The cell with large round red granules in the dog would be which cell? |
Eosinophil |
|
The components of a stress leukogram |
Always has neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia, and occasional monocytosis |
|
Componets of a CBC |
WBC, RBC, platelets, total protein, PCV, differential |
|
Normal or less than normal WBC count along with left shift |
Degenerative left shift |
|
also known as Tropical Canine Pancytopenia or TCP. Tick born disease transmitted by the brown dog tick. Treated with Doxy or Tetracycline |
Ehrlichia |
|
decrease in criculating eosinophils. Can be caused by steroids, cushing's disease, and prolonged stress. |
Eosinopenia |
|
an increase in circulating eosinophils. |
Eosinophilia |
|
1. Neutrophils- most common and first line of defense 2. eosinophil-most variation between species(allergies and parasites) 3. basophils-rare |
Granulocytes |
|
round angular refractile bodies composed of hemoglobin particles. Also known as erythocyte regfractile bodies. Seen best with NMB. Represent oxidation and denaturation of hemoglobin in the red blood cells. |
Heinz bodies |
|
cause of Feline Infectious Anemia in felines and often underlying to some other disease process such as FIV, FIP, or FeLV. Appears as a small blue cocci ring or rod on surface of RBC. |
Hemobartonella |
|
RBCs with remnats of nuclear material |
Howell-Jolly bodies |
|
a RBC with a decreased amount of Hg. |
Hypochromasia |
|
least accurate parts of a CBC |
RBC count |
|
Large cells that have thin membranes and fold easily. Include target cells or codocytes and bar cells. |
Leptocytes |
|
an increase in the number of circulating leukocytes |
Leukocytosis |
|
a reduction below the normal number of leukocytes in the circulating blood. |
leukopenia |
|
an increase in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood. Can be caused by excitement, antigen stimulation, Addison's disease, or lymphocytic leukemia. |
Lymphocytosis |
|
a reduction below the normal number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood. Less than 1000/microliter in a dog and less than 1500/microliter in cats |
Lymphopenia |
|
1. T-Cells- involved with cellular immunity 2. B-Cells- involved with antibody production |
Lyphocytes |
|
A macrocytic hypochromic anemia is most likely associated with? |
Regeneration |
|
an increase of MCV of RBCs. |
Macrocytosis |
|
Maturation of Leukocytes |
-Stem Cell -Myeloblast -promyelocyte -myelocyte -metamyelocyte -band neutrophil -segmented neutrophil |
|
smaller than normal RBCs. Seen in some anemias. |
Microcytes |
|
Morphological types of anemia |
1. Macrocytic normochromic 2. macrocytic hypochromic 3. normocytic normochromic 4. microcytic hypochromic |
|
most accurate parts of a CBC |
hematocrit |
|
an increase in overall white blood cell numbers |
Neutrophilia |
|
increase of immature or band neutrophils |
Neutrophil Left Shift |
|
NRBC |
nucleated RBC that contains Hb, are nucleated, carry oxygen, and are counted as WBC in cell counter. Also known as metarubricytes. |
|
32-45% in young dogs and 41-55% in adult |
PCV range |
|
liquid portion of whole blood with coagulation factors (purple top) |
Plasma |
|
plasma abnormal's are: |
icteric: strong yellow color lipemic: milky appearance from fats or lipids hemolyzed: pink stained from hemolyzed RBCs |
|
plasma color normals are |
straw colored or clear |
|
NormalRange 200-500,000/mm3 a.k.a. Megakaryocytes |
Platelets |
|
RBCs of unusual shape. |
Poikilocytes |
|
refers to any unusual shape of RBCs; usually occurs in chronic anemia |
Poikilocytosis |
|
older, less than 5 clumps of reticulum. Not counted in feline retic count |
Punctate Reticulocytes |
|
RBC Maturation cycle |
Rubriblast |
|
includes an increase WBC along with left shift |
regenerative left shift |
|
immature, non-nucleated RBCs that can be identified with NMB stain. Retain basophilic staining material. Also know as basophilic erythrocyte. Two types: punctate and aggregate. |
Reticulocytes |
|
coin like stacking of RBCs; commonly seen in the horse and cat. |
Rouleaux formation |
|
RBC fragments associated with DIC and other diseases. |
Schistocytes |
|
liquid portion of clotted blood (red top) |
Serum |
|
Signs of Regeneration in Anemia |
1. polychromasia |
|
the presence of spherocytes or RBCs of a descreased diameter in relation to their volume. No central pallor. Present with AIHA or IMHA. |
Spherocytosis |
|
thin RBCs that have increased surface are without increased volume. Also known ascodocytes. May be a sign of liver disease. |
target cells |
|
Total Protein |
6-7.5 g/ dL |
|
What are the main features of toxicity in the neutrophil? |
Basophilic cytoplasm, Cytoplasmic vacuolation, and Doehle bodies |
|
What cell is primarily responsible for the immune response |
lymphocyte |
|
What is the primary function of a neutrophil? |
Phagocytosis |
|
Which of the white blood cells have granules that vary the most from species to species? |
Eosinophil |
|
Apicomplexa piroplasm tick vector intracellular Specimen collection: capillary or venous blood |
Babesia |
|
Isospora felis (coccidia) |
|
|
Dipylidium caninum (tapeworms) |
|
|
Trichuris Vulpis (whipworm) |
|
|
Ancylostoma caninum (hookworm) |
|
|
Paragonimus kellicotti (lung fluke) |
|
|
Babesia Canis |
|
|
Granular casts are of two forms: coarsely granular (early stage) and finely granular (late stage). Both forms are interpreted as evidence of tubular degeneration. |
|
|
Reticulocytosis |
a condition where there is an increase in reticulocytes, immature red blood cell. It is commonly seen in anemia. They are seen on blood films when the bone marrow is highly active in an attempt to replace red blood cell loss such as in haemolytic anaemia, haemorrhage. |
|
Zoonotic disease |
a disease that can be passed between animals and humans. |
|
Feline Infectious Anemia FIA |
Previously known as: Haemobartonellosis Feline Infectious Anaemia is a regenerative anaemia of cats caused by Mycoplasma haemofelis (Mhf). |
|
Hemobartonella felis (Newly Renamed Mycoplasma Haemofelis) |
is a parasitic disease caused by attaching to the red blood cells of infected cats. the organisms are found on the surface of red blood cells in a blood smear. |
|
UREMIA is the |
presence of urinary constituents in the blood AND the toxic condition produced by those constituents. |
|
Pre-renal azotemia uremia |
is due to conditions which cause decreased blood flow to the kidney. |
|
Renal azotemia uremia |
is due to disease or lesions in the kidney which interfere with renal function. |
|
Post-renal azotemia uremia |
is due to disease or lesions in the lower urinary tract (post-renal tract) which prevent excretion of urine. |
|
Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) |
is a viral disease of cats caused by certain strains of a virus called the feline coronavirus. |
|
A fixedspecific gravity of 1.008 to 1.012 (average 1.010) is referred to as: |
Isothenuria |
|
Polychromasiadescribes |
a group of rbc's that stain in a variety of shades of red to blue. The more immature the rbc, the less hemaglobin present, thus the immature rbc will have less red staining and appear darker or bluish. |
|
abnormal variation inthe size of RBC. Sign of regenerative anemia. |
Anisocytosis: |
|
refers to any unusual shape of RBCs; usuallyoccurs in chronic anemia |
Poikilocytosis |
|
a reduction below thenormal number of lymphocytes in the circulating blood. Less than 1000/microliterin a dog and less than 1500/microliter in cats |
Lymphopenia: |
|
aka Targetcells:Large cells that have thin membranes and fold easily. Include target cells orcodocytes and bar cells.agment- |
Leptocytes |
|
The significance of isosthenuria is that |
the renal tubules are not concentrating urine |
|
The color of urine |
-can be altered by drugs/medications -has some diagnostic value |
|
A sweet, fruity odor in urine could indicate |
the presence of ketones. |
|
Urine samples allowed to stand at room temperature for long periods of time will |
· have an increased pH level. · have a decreased glucose concentration. · have an increased bacterialcount. |
|
Specific gravity should be evaluated with |
-the refractometer -considering the hydration status of the animal -the time and method of collection *all of the above |
|
Urine should be analyzed |
as soon as possible after collection. |
|
The physical evaluation of urine should include |
turbidity and odor. |
|
An ammonia odor could indicate |
the presence of bacteria. |
|
Isosthenuria would be considered with a specific gravity of |
1.010 |
|
Ketonuria occurs |
-with insufficient carbohydrate metabolism -with excessive fat metabolism -in severe unregulated cases of Diabetes mellitus -all of the above |
|
When using chemistry strips, which tests are least reliable for animals? |
leukocytes |
|
The pH level should be evaluated in conjunction with the animal's diet. |
TRUE |
|
The chemical analysis of urine would include |
pH and bilirubin. |
|
For the most accurate test results |
a pipette should be used to saturate each pad on the strip individually. |
|
Glucosuria may occur in which of the following conditions |
-in diabetes mellitus -due to a deficiency of insulin -post prandial sample -all of the above |
|
The renal threshold of glucose for the canine is approximately |
180 mg/dl |
|
The best way to detect whether "blood" on the chemistry strip is actually RBC's or hemoglobin or myoglobin, the technician should |
conduct a microscopic exam of the sediment. |
|
The color reactions on chemistry strips remain stable for 60 minutes. |
false |
|
Bilirubinuria could indicate |
Liver disease |
|
Ethylene glycol poisoning would have which crystals present? |
calcium oxylate |
|
Crystals with clinical significance would include |
ammonium biurate |
|
Pyuria is defined as |
excessive WBCs in the urine. |
|
A microscopic examination should be performed |
on every complete urinalysis |
|
What is the scientific name of the bladder worm? |
Capilaria plica |
|
The most frequently occurring casts which may occasionally be found in the urine are |
hyaline casts |
|
Which epithelial cell is easily confused with a WBC? |
Renal epithelial cells |
|
Crystal formation can be dependant on |
-urine pH -existing disease -sample left standing too long -all of the above |
|
Urinary casts are formed in |
the tubules. |
|
For microscopic examination, urine is best collected by |
cystocentesis. |
|
The definitive host for Dirofilaria immitis is |
the dog. |
|
Which drug is effective against heartworm, roundworms, hookworms and whipworms? |
Milbemycin |
|
Historically, before the use of improved occult tests, close examination was needed to differentiate between |
Dipetalonema and Dirofilaria. |
|
The CDC is very concerned about the zoonotic potential of |
ocular larval migrans.cutaneous larval migrans.visceral larval migrans.all of the above |
|
ELISA testsdetect |
detect occult heartworm infections. |
|
Visceral larva migrans is a zoonotic disease that can be caused by |
Toxocara canis. |
|
Protozoan organisms are best detected by |
direct fecal smear. |
|
What internal parasite eggs are particularly resistant to environmental conditions? |
Trichuris vulpis. |
|
A direct fecal smear is performedto |
-detect motile protozoa in the feces -to estimate the animal's parasite burden -because it is simple -all of the above |
|
Parasites that are easily identified by their proglottids are |
Dipylidium caninum. |
|
Agranulocytes, also known as |
mononuclear leukocytes, are white blood cells with a one-lobed nucleus. They are characterized by the absence of granules in their cytoplasm, which distinguishes them from granulocytes. |
|
Granulocytes are |
a category of white blood cells characterized by the presence of granules in their cytoplasm. |
|
cause of FelineInfectious Anemia in felines and often underlying to some other disease processsuch as FIV, FIP, or FeLV. Appears as a small blue cocci ring or rod on surfaceof RBC. |
Hemobartonella |
|
excretion of free hemoglobin in the urine. |
Hemoglobinuria |
|
is an increase in the number of immature leukocytes in the peripheral blood, particularly neutrophil band cells. |
Left shift |
|
neutrophilia, lymphopenia, eosinopenia |
Stress leukogram |
|
transitionalcell carcinoma |
bladder cancer |
|
types of bladder tumors |
squamous cell carcinoma adenocarcinoma undifferentiated carcinoma rhabdomyosarcoma fibroma |
|
Red blood cell count |
normals are 6-7 million rbc's/mm3 for dogs and cats |
|
White Blood Cell Count |
normals are 6,000 - 16,000 wbc's/mm3 |
|
Granulocytes |
Neutrophils Eosinophils Basophils |
|
Agranulocytes |
Lymphocytes Monocytes |
|
Total ProteinNormals are |
6-7.5 g/dl |
|
Thrombocytes aka Platelets |
200,000-500,000 |
|
Normal PCV Dog : |
Avg. 45% Range: 36-54% |
|
Normal PCV cat |
Avg. 37% Range: 25-46% |
|
Normal TP Dog: |
6-7.5 g/dl |
|
Normal TP Cat: |
5.6-7.4 g/dl |
|
RBC estimate = |
1/6 of the PCV mm3 |
|
Hgb estimate is |
1/3 PCV g/dl |
|
Platelets Normal Range |
200-500,000/mm3 a.k.a. Megakaryocytes |
|
RBC Normal Range dog |
6.0-7.0 million/mm3 cat 5-10million |
|
Total Protein |
6-7.5 g/ LD. |
|
Normal hb for dog? |
12 - 18 g/dl |
|
What is normal hb for cat? |
8 - 15 g/dl |
|
WBC Normal Range |
Dog: 6-15,000/ mm3 Cat: 5,500-19,500 |
|
MCV (Femtoliters fl )= |
PCV x 10 divided by RBC Describes SIZE Normal is 60-70 fl |
|
MCH (Picograms pg)= |
HGB x 10 divided by RBC Weight of hemoglobin Normal 20 pg |
|
MCHC (g/dl) = |
HGB x 100 divided by the PCV Concentration of hemoglobin Normal 30-36 g/dl |
|
Blood Types |
1. Erythrocytes2. Leukocytes3. Platelets |
|
Erythrocytes |
-Red blood cells -Specialize in the transportation of oxygen. -Presence of hemoglobin: responsible for its ability to transport O2 and for the red color of erythrocyte. |
|
Neutrophils |
They constitute the first line of defense against infection by engulfing the bacteria.Number increases whenever an acute infection is present. |
|
EOSINOPHILS |
Primary function is the detoxification of either foreign proteins introduced into the body via the lungs or G.I. Tract.Number increases in allergic reactions. |
|
BASOPHILS |
Are blue staining granules.Rare in normal blood.Contains heparin and releases in areas of inflammation to prevent clotting.Also contains some histamine. |
|
MONOCYTE |
Largest white blood cellPhagocytic: engulfs foreign matter such as bacteria.Fight chronic infections.Macrophages: When monocytes from blood enter tissues they develop into these larger phagocytes. |
|
LYMPHOCYTE |
Contains a relatively large nucleus surrounded by a small amount of cytoplasm.Function is responding to antigens (foreign substances) by forming antibodies.B Lymphocytes vs. T Lymphocytes |
|
PLASMA |
Liquid portion of blood.Made up mainly of water – 92%.Main proteins are Albumin & Globulin. |
|
ALBUMIN |
Most abundant protein in the plasma.1. Important in binding and transporting many substances in blood.2. Responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure. 80% is maintained by albumin. |
|
GLOBULIN |
Types: Alpha & Beta: Synthesized in liver, helps in clotting.Gamma: Synthesized by plasma cells & lymphocytes, function for immunity and resistance to disease. |
|
SERUM |
Supernatant yellow fluid of clotted blood.It is plasma minus fibrinogen and most clotting factors.Contains antibodies that helps in prevention and treatment of disease. |
|
IMMUNE SYRUM |
Produced by inoculating an animal with disease-producing agents such as bacteria or viruses.Thus producing a large excess of antibodies against the antigen. |
|
Functions of Blood and the circulatory system |
1. Transport 02 & CO2 2. Transport nutrients and waste products 3. Controls H20 content and pH 4. Maintains Body Temperature 5. Hormones 6. Immunity 7. Coagulation |
|
Erythrocytes (Red blood cells ) |
Characteristics (bind with hemoglobin) Shape (biconcave shape in dog) Formation (in bone marrow) Circulation time (90 to 120 days) |
|
B lymphocytes |
- involved with antibody production |
|
T lymphocytes |
- involved with cellular immunity |
|
Serum contains |
Albumin Globulin |
|
SIgns of regeneration |
HJB NRBC Reticulocytes |
|
target cells and bar cells are sings of |
Liver disease |