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166 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
N. 1st law of motion
|
rest @ rest
motion @ straight line unless acted upon |
|
chord line
|
st. line LE to TE
|
|
Mean Chord Line
also ..... |
STD Mean Chord
|
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Mean Chord Line
= .... |
Wing area / Wingspan
|
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Mean Camber Line
|
L to T edge
Equi.dist U&L surface |
|
AOI
|
Chord line
to Long. datum |
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AOA
|
Chord line
to R. airflow |
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Stall always @ same ...
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AOA
|
|
every AOA ⇒ associated ...
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IAS
|
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Critical Angle ⇒ ...
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Max lift
|
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CP ⇒ .... act @.
prop to ⇒ ... |
lift
AOA |
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Lift:
force at .... to .... max at ... |
right angle
R.airflow rotation |
|
Climb Power req'ed is more bcz
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Drag
W comp |
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to balance to PM
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T.plane
|
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Load Factor
2 formula |
L/W
1/ COS AOB |
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Turn Radius
formula |
TAS / ROT x 60 x ∏
|
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.... has the max effect on T.radius
|
IAS
|
|
max rate turn @ stall speed
depends on |
AOB
|
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Aspect Ratio
2 formulas |
W.span/chord
W.span^2 / W.area |
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Taper Ratio
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Root / tip
|
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Problem with Hi Taper Ratio
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Tip Stall
|
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Finness ratio
amount of ... =... |
streamlining
chord L / Max thickness |
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Thickness Chord Ratio
it is ... @ thin wing that gives ........ |
low
min airflow accel |
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Thickness Chord Ratio
expressed as ... |
a percentage of the chord length.
|
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to ensure optimum lift distribution across W.span
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Twist camber
|
|
long. dihedral
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decalage
|
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washout ?
|
a decrease in AOI
Root to Tip |
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Normal wing stall:
... first CP moves ... predictable:Yes/No |
Root
RWD (back) Yes |
|
swept wing stall:
... first CP moves ... predictable:Yes/No |
Tip
FWD (front) No |
|
New stall speed
2 formula |
New Vs=Old Vs / LF
=Old Vs x (√new Wt. /org Wt) |
|
Mcrit is the Max .... before ... and ...
|
MN
shockwave & buffet |
|
effect of swept wing on:
AR |
inc
|
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effect of swept wing on:
Effective camber |
inc
|
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effect of swept wing on:
Mcrit |
inc (good!)
|
|
effective chord wise component?
|
as sensed by wing
90 deg to LE |
|
effective chord wise component
@ swept wing |
decreased ( good)
|
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swept angle
is between .... and .... |
line imposed on 25% aft of LE
Ac lateral axis |
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swept wing as a higher V.... which delays the ....
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Vimd
Hi speed drag |
|
swept disadvantages
less.... .... oscillation |
lift
dutch roll |
|
swept disadvantages
large ....... ... stall |
wingtip vortices
wingtip |
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swept disadvantages
flap effect on .....and .... |
integrity
stress limits |
|
swept disadvantages
needs .... |
pusher/ shaker
|
|
wing tip stall preventation
(4) |
inc w.tip camber
winglets tip fences vortex gen |
|
NACA 4 dig airfoil defines?
|
overal shape
|
|
NACA 4 dig airfoil?
2 feature |
maximizing laminar flow
better hi speed perf. |
|
Supercritical aerofoil
round ... flatter ... .... at the back ....& .... TE to inc... |
LE
upper surface critical mach point sharp / dn curving / lift |
|
Drag rise @ .... aerosols is delayed to is speed
|
peaky aerofoil
|
|
wing bend relief?
|
spread total weight
|
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L/D is a measure of ... efficiency
|
aerodynamics
|
|
Max L/D ratio
only at one ... |
AOA
|
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Max L/D ratio
does not affected by ...or ... |
hight
weight |
|
IAS @ Max L/D
in proportional to ... |
weight
|
|
CL vs. Stall speed
|
Inversely proportional
|
|
min drag is @ max ....
⇒ V... |
L/D
Vimd |
|
parasite drag :
(3) |
form
skin fric interference |
|
LSS
formula |
38.94 √T(k)
|
|
Mach No. shows the .... to ....
|
proximity
hi speed buffet |
|
shockwaves appear @ max ...
(wing) |
camber
|
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passing Mcrit ⇒ CP moves ...
|
RWD (back)
|
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Mcrit vs. Alt
|
inversely proportional
|
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Airflow sep bcz of shockwave?
Reduce by ? |
Wave drag
Sharp LE / min camber(thin) |
|
Low spd/ Hi spd buffet
vs Weight |
Low speed ⇒prop to Wt
Hi speed ⇒ constance @ all Wt's ! |
|
coffin corner :
also |
buffet onset
|
|
Buffet boundaries:
provide a safe ... btw ... and ... |
margin
low spd / hi spd buffet |
|
Buffet boundaries:
altitude limits depend on... |
Weight
|
|
Buffet boundary charts
shows ..... for ..... |
able room for maneuver
|
|
Buffet boundary charts
1G corresponds to .... or ... |
St. & level
nil turb |
|
Buffet boundary charts
1.3G corresponds to .... or ... |
40 AOB
mod turb |
|
Buffet boundary charts
1.6G corresponds to .... or ... |
50 AOB
hvy turb |
|
Speed margin envelope
contained by its ...and ...speed limits, |
upper
lower |
|
Speed margin envelope
could be btw : 1. .... and ... 2. ... and ... |
Vs / Vdf , Mdf
1.2/3 Vs / Vmo, Mmo |
|
Operatin within LF limits guarantee no ....
|
permanent dmg
|
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ultimate load = ...
|
1.5 LF
|
|
Hi speed stall is @ ... region
@ any ... |
transonic
AOA |
|
Hi speed stall causes a ... PM
|
ND
(RWD CP) |
|
supper stall is loss of .... effectiveness
|
T.tail
|
|
Jet upset:
.... fluctuation near ... |
AS
CC |
|
Grave Yard Spiral
created at ......... |
large AOB
Hi Speed descent |
|
Grave Yard Spiral
what happens ? |
elev up ⇒ tightens the turn
|
|
Dutch roll preventation
|
Larg V.stab
Yaw damper opp AILERON |
|
Static Stability is the .... with ...
|
initial tendency
no input |
|
Dynamic stab is the ....
|
subsequent reaction with respect to time
|
|
Effect of Hi alt flight
stability ? |
reduced
|
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Effect of Hi alt flight
AD damping |
reduced
|
|
Effect of Hi alt flight
speed operation range |
small
|
|
Effect of Hi alt flight
maneuverability |
reduced
|
|
Effect of Hi alt flight
Oscillatory stability?cus? |
lower
cus: less fin eff |
|
Effect of Hi alt flight
spiral stab?cus? |
increased
higher wing lat stab |
|
spiral stab is
tendency to ... |
return wings level
after ailerons neutral |
|
spiral stab ⇒ dominant ....
|
lateral surface
|
|
longitudinal stability
restoration of the ..... by ... |
original pitch att
tail plane |
|
longitudinal stability
to maintain .... |
trimmed AOA/B
|
|
Directional stab
is by .... behind and below ... |
ventral fin
CG |
|
directional stability:
tendency to regain... after the aircraft directionally disturbed from its straight path |
direction (heading)
|
|
Spiral instability:
increase of .... followed by a ... that leads to .... |
turn steepness
nose dip spiral dive |
|
spiral instab is due to
|
dominant fin
|
|
lateral stability is caused by
(2) |
dihedral effect
keel surface(fin) |
|
spiral stability vs. oscillatory stability
|
always oppose each other
|
|
Phogoid
|
alti and spd oscillation
about long. flight path |
|
Relaxed static stability (RSS)
lest ... ........... device small..... |
static stab
computer + augmentation T.size |
|
Neutral longitudinal pitch stability
|
artificially by computers
|
|
region of reversed command
behind.... where ... needs ... |
drag curve
slower speed / more power |
|
absolute ceiling
highest altitude the AC .... |
can sustain level flight
|
|
absolute ceiling
maximum... equals... |
thrust available
minimum thrust required |
|
absolute ceiling
Max ROC = ... |
Zero
|
|
absolute ceiling
max clime power gives .... |
level flight
|
|
absolute ceiling
no ... ... available |
excess
power |
|
Aerodynamic Ceiling
occurs at .... only |
one speed
|
|
Aerodynamic Ceiling
...and ... occur coin- cidentally. |
Mach number buffet
prestall buffet |
|
Aerodynamic Ceiling
is the ... at jet |
coffin corner
|
|
Service Ceiling
...altitude of an aircraft. |
maximum usable
|
|
Service Ceiling
Is a ... altitude |
density
|
|
Service Ceiling
Max climb power gives ... |
100 fpm for prop
500 fpm for jet |
|
Service Ceiling
criteria : (3) |
clean config
max wt al engines operative |
|
SAR
formula |
TAS/fuel flow
|
|
SGR
formula |
GS / fuel flow
|
|
Specific Range
vs. alt |
prop
(TAS inc) |
|
Specific Range
vs Wt. |
i-prop
|
|
Specific Range
vs. Temp |
i-prop
|
|
Max SAR
@ low alt : @ hi alt |
low : 1.32 Vimd
hi : Vimd |
|
Specific Endurance
|
Flight time / Fuel flow
|
|
Best SFC @ ... .... level
|
optimum cruise
|
|
const index = ...
|
Time cost (cost/hr) / fuel cost
|
|
CI is proportional to ....
|
speed
|
|
CI controls .../... cost vs. ...
|
time/ maintenance
fuel |
|
CI is the ratio of .... cost to .... cost
|
time related
fuel |
|
Zero Cost Index (CI=0) means
no ... max... min... |
time cost
range AS trip fuel |
|
Max Cost Index means
max... ignoring the .... |
flight envelope speed
cost of fuel |
|
Use Hi CI When ....
|
Hi direct time cost
|
|
Best ROC (jet)
most ... per ... |
alt gain
time |
|
Best ROC (jet)
is to get higher ... |
quicker
|
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Best ROC (jet)
less ...... over trip |
fuel burnt
|
|
Best ROC (jet)
max excess ... |
power
|
|
Best Gradient of clime (AOC)
max exces ... |
thrust
|
|
Best Gradient of clime (AOC)
most ... gain per ... |
alt
horizontal distance |
|
Best Gradient of clime (AOC)
get higher over.... |
less distance
|
|
most efficient climb is .... climb
|
cruis
|
|
Best ROC is at ... speed
|
Vy
|
|
Best AOC is at ... speed
|
Vx
|
|
Cruise (step) climb:
During cruise AC loses ... allows AC to fly ... |
Wt
Higher |
|
Step climb is at .... ft intervals
|
4000
|
|
Step climb is ... % of cruise climb efficiency along with ... compliance
|
95
ATC restriction |
|
Each Wt is corresponding to its:
obt ... max ... best ... |
alt
SR SFC |
|
Vimd vs wt ?
|
proportional
|
|
crossover altitude is altitude @which
|
IAS TAS = MN TAS
|
|
crossover altitude vs. Temp ?
|
proportional
|
|
Max Range (jet)
max ... for .... |
distance
available fuel |
|
Max Range (jet)
flown at ... spd |
1.32 Vimd
|
|
Max Range (jet)
is max IAS for least ... /.../ ... |
thrust
drag fuel cost |
|
@ Max Range (jet)
speed stability is ... |
low
|
|
@ constant altitude
Max Range MN vs. Wt? |
prop
|
|
@ constant Wt.
Max Range MN vs alt ? |
prop
|
|
For a Prop,
max rang is at ........ alt and flown at ... speed |
most efficient engine
Vimd |
|
Tangent on the power required curve shows
|
Max L/D
|
|
@constant MN cruis
Power ... as Wt ... |
dec
dec |
|
most efficiente compromise of spd and rng is cruising @ ...
|
constant MN
|
|
Max Endurance (jet)
speed for ....... as much as possible |
airborn
|
|
Max Endurance
for jet at ... speed |
Vimd
|
|
Max Endurance
for prop at ... speed |
Vimp
|
|
Glide Endurance
Higher wt gives a ... and ... |
faster As
less time |
|
Glide Endurance vs. Wt
|
i-prop
heavy AC ⇒ less endure |
|
Glide Endurance vs. Wind
|
No effect
|
|
Glide Range vs. Wt.
|
no effect
|
|
Glide Range
heavy AC flies ... but gives the same ... |
faster
distance/path |
|
Rotation Rate at excessive performance conditions
|
increased
|
|
Aerodynamic contrails is duo to ........ that leads to .... and is more in .. cond's
|
local Px drop
water condensation humid |