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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Describe the difference between fast-twitch and slow-twitch muscle fibers |
Fast twitch is explosive and meant for quick bursts. Less vascularized, lighter color
Slow twitch is meant for endurance, less explosive. More vascularized, red |
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Discuss what a motor unit is and describe how it works |
Part of neuromuscular junction, motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neurons axonal terminals |
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Be familiar with the different jobs of the Golgi tendon organs and muscle spindles |
Golgi tendons: measure force/pull of the muscles on the tendons, inhibits muscle contractions when the force is too great. Muscle Spindles: embedded in The muscles, responds to change in muscle length |
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Describe difference between flexion and extension |
Flexion is muscle shortening, extension is muscle stretching |
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Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex |
First area of brain to plan movement. Integrates motory and sensory input. Gets input from parietal lobe. Sends info to secondary motor cortex. It is primary motor cortex. |
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Secondary motor cortex |
Premotor Cortex: externally generated, Mirror Neurons. Supplementary Motor Cortex: internal generated cortex |
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Primary Motor Cortex |
Movements of GROUPS of muscles Topographic Organization: Homonculus (little man) Mirror Neurons-Action Recognition |
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Primary Somatosensory Cortex |
Posterior Parietal Lobe: information about spatial location (damage to certain side makes one ignore other side of body), integration of visual, auditory, and skin senses Contralateral Neglect Sensory-Motor Disturbance |
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Cerebellum |
Two Hemispheres, Homonculi (map of body), ballistic movements, timing of movements, maintains movement accuracy, purkinje cells and basket cells, GABA |
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Basal Ganglia |
Putanem, Caudate Nucleus, Globus Pallidus, Substansia Nigra. (All work together to control movement) Input comes from Motor Cortex, Somatosensory Cortex, Substania Nigra in midbrain |
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Parkinsons disease |
Hyptokinetic: shakes and tremors, decreased movement over time Bradykinesia: slowing of movement Rigidity of muscle Loss of dopamine in the Substania Nigra |
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Huntingtons Disease |
Hyperkinetic movement, random uncontrolled movement that looks planned. Loss of GABA and acetycholigeneric in the caudate and putamen |
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Stages 1 and Stages 2 |
Theta waves, sleep spindles, k complex, can be consciously aware of things, light sleep, falling dreams |
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Stages 3 and 4 |
Delta waves, higher amplitude and more spread out, slow wave, dreams are less put together |
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Slow Wave sleep |
Stages 3 and 4, decrease in cerebral blood flow, slower heart rate and blood pressure, dreams are associated with situations rather than stories |
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REM Sleep |
Beta Waves, increase of eye activity, muscles lock up, storied dreams |
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Discuss the difference between the organizational and activational effects of hormones |
Organizational influence: effects the anatomical development, physiology and behavior of men and women Acrivational effects: activating reproductive behavior |
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Describe the process of sexual development after conception |
Begins week 6 of gestation Each starts out the same Each set of gonads has the potential to become testes or an ovary Week 7, Sry gene on Y chromosome triggers male development |
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What brain structures regulate the release of hormones |
Pituitary gland and hypothalamus |
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Androgen insensitivity syndrome |
Androgen receptor fails, female genitalia but lack internal organs |
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Congential Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH) |
Excess production of Androgens by adrenal glands, higher rates of homosexuality for women with CAH |
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Areas of brain that are related to the control of sexual behavior, how do they differ between men and women? |
Testosterone seems to be the driving force in sexual behavior of men and women. There is activation on the cortex during intercourse |
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Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis |
Interpretation of neural activity, no meaning |
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Cognitive view on dreaming |
Way of dealing with life's problems and finding solutions for them |
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Freudian view |
Dreams have underlying meaning to them |
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What happens when we're sleep deprived |
Increased sleepiness, negative emotions, respond poorly on tests of vigilance, executive functions are greatly affected, REM sleep deprivation, REM rebound |
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Sleep apnea |
Stop breathing when you sleep More common in men, individuals with a large head and neck, and abdominal growth Obstructive: blockage of upper airway, maybe tongue Central: brain stops sending message to breathe |
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Insomnia |
Can't fall asleep, more susceptible to anxiety and depression |
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Narcolepsy |
Cataplexy-lose muscle tone in the middle of the day, sleep paralysis |
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Polyphasic sleeping |
Sleeping more than once a day. Naps have better recovery time and more time spent awake |
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REM sleep |
Memory consolidation occurs, spend more time in REM sleep when we sleep, babies spend more time in REM for brain development |
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Rest and Recovery sleep theory |
Produce different hormones and neurotransmitters while asleep, provides evidence we sleep to create depleted resources |
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Adaptive function sleep theory |
Sleep to avoid danger (but animals with few predators don't sleep much) Sleep to conserve resources |
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Zeitgebers |
Cue given by environment for our internal clock |
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of hypothalamus |
Regulates carcadian rhythms Regulates secretion of melatonin: light suppresses melatonin |
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Basal forebrain bundle (anterior hypothalamus) sleep |
Damage=sleeplessness Activation induces sleep |
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Reticular activating system (RAS) |
Low levels of activity=sleep High levels of activity=wakefulness |
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Caudal reticular formation |
Induces REM sleep |
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Sleep study measurements |
EMG-muscle activity EOG- record eye movement EEG- records brain waves that are indicative of different waves of sleep |
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EEG waves |
Beta- alert and attentive Alpha- quiet rest |
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MAMAWAWA |
Assumption that men and women are opposite, but men and women are not mutually exclusive |
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Gonads |
Male-Testes, produces sperm Female-ovaries, production of ova (egg) |
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Gonadal hormones |
Androgens-testosterone Estrogens-estradiol Progestins-progesterone |
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Mullerian System |
Develops female sex organs, no hormonal stimulus |
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Wolffian System |
Male sex organ development Testes secrete testosterone Mullerian inhibiting system, causes degeneration of Mullerian system |
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Puberty |
Hormonal release causes development of secondary sex organs |
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What leads to sexual behavior? |
Testosterone, women prefer manlier men in times of fertility |
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Hypothalamus and sex |
Stimulates release of sex hormones |
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Medial Preoptic area (sexual behavior) |
Sexual motivation
Sexually Dimorphic Nucleus-control male sexual behavior |
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Ventromedial nucleus |
Controls female sexual behavior |
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Cortex (sexual behavior) |
Complex aspects of sexual experience |
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Ventral Striatum (sex) |
Pleasure |
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Amygdala (sex) |
Role in identifying potential mates |
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Hypothalamus (sex) |
Different areas= roles in male and female sexual behavior |