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79 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
What is the lithosphere made from? |
Crust and top part of mantle |
Cold and rigid |
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Why do tectonic plates float on the mantle? |
They are less dense than the mantle |
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What two natural disasters happen at plate boundaries? |
Earthquakes and Volcanoes |
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What is igneous rock? |
Magma or lava that had solidified |
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Explain how the rate of cooling affects the crystal size in a peice of igneous rock |
The slower the rock cools, the larger the crystals or reverse argument |
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What are the proterties of iron-rich basalt? |
It is runny and has safe eruptions |
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How are aluminum and iron extracted from the earth? |
As ores |
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Give an example of a material that just needs to be shaped before it can be used as a building material |
Limestone or Marble or granite |
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Briefly explain how cement is made |
Clay and limestone are heated together |
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Why is it important to recycle metals? |
It is cheaper and can reduce the use of limited natural resources |
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What is an alloy? |
A mixture of a metal with another element |
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Why is glass used to make car windscreens? |
It is transparent |
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What two elements are needed for iron to rust? |
Oxygen (in air) and water |
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Which elements are found in ammonia? |
Nitrogen and hydrogen |
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What conditions are needed for the Haber process? |
450°,200 atmospheres and an iron catalyst |
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What is a reversible reaction? |
A reaction that can go forwards or backwards |
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What is an acid? |
A chemical with a pH or less than 7 |
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What is an alkali? |
A chemical with a pH greater than 7 and can dissolve in water (a soluble base) |
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What is the general word equation for the reaction between a metal carbonate and an acid? |
Acid+metal carbonate –> salt+water +carbon dioxide |
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What is a fertilizer? |
A chemical that gives plants essential chemicals needed for growth |
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What three elements are found in fertilizers? |
Nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus |
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What chemicals do you use to make ammonium sulfate in a neutralisation reaction? |
Ammonimia and sulfuric acid |
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Why do plants absorb soluble nitrate fertilizer? |
They use it to make protein |
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What are three products of the electrolysis of the sodium chloride solution? |
Sodium hydroxide, hydrogen and chlorine |
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How is household bleach made? |
By reacting chlorine and sodium hydroxide together |
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What is a use for chlorine? |
To sterilise water, to make household bleach and to make plastics |
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Why do farmers use fertilizer? |
To increase crop yield |
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Name two reactants used for making ammonia? |
Air/ oxygen and water |
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What happens at a subduction zone? |
Where a continental plate and an oceanic plate collide. The more dense oceanic plate is pushed under the continental and down into the mantle where it melts. The result is a mountain range and possibly volcanoes. |
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What is a rate of reaction? |
A measure of the amount of product made in a specific time. |
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Give an example of untis which would be used to measure the rate of reaction for mass change reactions |
g/s or g/min |
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How can rate of reaction be increased? |
Increase temperature, increase concentration or increase pressure or add a catalyst |
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Explain how temperature can increase the rate of reaction? |
The reactant particles have more kinetic energy and move around faster making more successful collisions likely to happen making them more likely to form a product |
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When 12g of carbon is completely burned in oxygen, 10g of carbon dioxide is made. Calculate the percentage yield |
10 ➗ 44 ✖ 100 =22.7 |
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What the formula atom economy? |
Atom economy = Mr of desired product ➗ sum of Mr of all products ✖100 |
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Give an example of a chemical that is made by batch |
Medicines or Pharmaceutical drugs |
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Name the four stages of extracting plants chemicals from plants |
Crushing, boiling, dissolving then chromatography |
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Name three allotropes of carbon |
Diamond, graphite and Buckminster Fullerene |
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What is the formula for Buckminster Fullerene? |
C60 |
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Explain why the materials needed to make new medicines are so expensive |
They could be rare and require expensive extraction from plants |
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Describe the advantages and disadvantages of using a batch process to make a chemical |
You can make a product quickly, yoi can make a product on a small scale and the equipment can be used to make a variety of products |
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What must happen to particlee in order for a reaction to take place? |
They must collide with sufficient energy |
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What happens to particles when you increase the concentration? |
There are more particles in the same volume so they are more crowded which makes them collide more often with more energy resulting in successful collisions and so an increase in the rate of reaction |
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Explain why a powdered solid reacts faster than a lump of the same substance? |
It has a larger surface area in relation to it's volume, this increases the chance of collision and speeds up the reaction. |
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What two factors affect the rate of reaction? |
Presence of a catalyst, temperature, concentration or pressure. |
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What is a tropic level? |
A position or stage an organism occupies in the food chain |
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Name the arthropod classes |
Crustacean, instect, arachnid and Myriapod |
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List the four ways in which energy is lost at each stage in the food chain |
Heat, respiration, excretion and egestion |
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Why is it difficult to class hybrids? |
They don't fit easily into any group |
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Name two recycled elements |
Carbon and Nitrogen |
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How much nitrogen is found naturally in the air? |
78% |
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Describe the function of nitrifying bacteria |
Converts ammonia into nitrates |
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What is the tern given to organisms that survive by living off other organisms? |
Parasites |
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Give an example of a mutualistic relationship |
The oxpecker and the buffalo |
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Name the competition that takes place between members of the same species |
Intraspecific |
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Who first put forward the theory of evolution? |
Charles Darwin |
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Explain why a species might become extinct or endangered? |
If they are unable to compete due to climate change, damage to habitat, hunting, pollution or competition |
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What organism shows natural selection today? |
Peppered moths Bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics Rats resistant to poison |
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Why were Darwin's ideas not to popular? |
They didn't agree with the Bible. |
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What does sulfur dioxide in the air cause? |
Acid rain |
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How are indicator species useful? |
Their presence of absence helps to indicate levels of pollution |
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What is ment by the term carbon footprint? |
The amount of greenhouse gases given off in a given time per person or by an action or an event |
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What is meant by the term endangered species? |
An animal or plant close to becoming extinct because numbers are so low |
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How can we protect endangered species? |
Protect habitats Legal protection Education programmes Captive breeding |
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What are whales used for, dead or alive? |
Dead whales can be used for oil, food and cosmetics Live whales can be used as a tourist attraction |
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What does the international whale commission do to protect whale numbers? |
Sets quotas |
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Where does respiration take place in a cell? |
Mitochondria |
Begins with an M |
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How to the four bases in DNA pair up? |
A-T C-G |
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Write down the word equation for aerobic respiration |
Glucose+oxygen—>carbon dioxide +water +energy |
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What is produced during anaerobic respiration? |
Lactic acid |
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What are gametes? |
Sex cells |
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In which organs does meiosis occur? |
Sex organs |
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Name the process of producing organisms with desired characteristics through a breeding programme |
Selective breeding |
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What is gene therapy? |
Changing a person's genes in an attempt to cure a genetic disorder |
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How has genetic engineering helped some people with diabetes? |
The production of human insulin by genetically engineered bacteria. |
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Give an example of naturally occurring clones in mammals |
Twins |
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What was the first animal to be artificially cloned? |
Dolly The Sheep |
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Suggest some possible uses for cloning |
Mass production of animals with desirable characteristics Producing lots of animals which produce a human product Producing human embryos to supply stem cells for therapy |
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What is a clone? |
An identical copy of an organism |
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