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14 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are symptoms of infectious diseases caused by and what happens in suitable conditions? (2) |
- Damage done to cells by micro-organisms or the poisons (toxins) they produce - Micro-organisms (antigens like bacteria and viruses) can reproduce rapidly in large numbers in suitable conditions (human body) |
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What do Lymphocytes do? (5) *MO stands for micro-organism *WBC stands for white blood cell *AB stands for antibody |
- Make antibodies - AB in WBC recognise MO by the antigens they carry on their surface, which sensitises WBC to antigens and produces antibodies - AB lock onto antigens, causing MO to clump together to be digested - AB has been made to recognise the MO and memory cells can make the AB again quickly, protecting us (immunity) - All MO have different antigens and different ABs are needed to recognise each type of MO |
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What do Phagocytes do? (2) |
- Digests microorganism - They find the microorganism which is engulfed, then digested and destroyed |
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What do vaccines provide, contain and prevent? (3) |
- Provide protection from microorganisms by establishing memory cells that produce antibodies quickly on reinfection - Contain weakened form of a disease-causing microorganism - Prevent epidemics if high percentage of population is vaccinated (herd immunity) |
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What are the risks with vaccines and why can people react differently? (2) |
- Individuals have varying degrees of side-effects to them - Due to genetic differences, people react differently |
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What are Antimicrobials and Antibiotics? (2) |
- Antimicrobials are chemicals that are used to kill or inhibit bacteria, fungi and viruses - Antibiotics are a type of antimicrobial which is effective against bacteria but not viruses |
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What are Superbugs, why do they occur and how can we reduce resistance? (3) |
- Bacteria and fungi that become resistant to antimicrobials over a period of time - Mutations in the genes of some microorganism make them more resistant and when a person stops taking the antimicrobials, they reproduce, since the weaker microorganisms are killed. This means all the microorganisms are resistant. - Only use antibiotics when necessary and always complete the course |
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Why do we test new drugs and vaccines and what are the stages? (2) |
- Test for safety and effectiveness - Stages are human cells, then animal testing, then clinical trials (people) |
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Who can be tested in clinical trials and why? (2) |
- Healthy volunteers to test safety - People with the illness to test for safety and effectiveness |
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What are the types of trials when testing new medical treatments and why use them? (4) |
- Double Blind (neither the scientists or the participants know what is being tested. Very accurate as bias is removed but hard to conduct) - Blind (only the scientists know what is being tested. Patient may give bias results) - Open (both the scientists and the participants know what is being tested. Used when new drug is similar to original or if being compared to physical therapy) - Long-Term (Ensure there are no harmful side effects and continues to be effective) |
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What are placebos, why are they used and what are the ethical issues related to using them in clinical trials? (3) |
- A fake drug that has no effect on the body - To compare differences between the tested drug and no drug - Patients aren't treated for the problem |
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What is the role of the heart in the circulatory system and why does it need a blood supply? (3) |
- A double pump which pumps blood from the right side to the lungs and from the left side to the rest of the body - Pumps blood to provide body cells with nutrients and oxygen, and remove waste products - Made up of muscle cells that need blood supply from the coronary artery to function properly |
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What are the main blood vessels and their purposes? (3) |
Artery - Carries blood away from the heart towards organs (thick wall, small lumen, high pressure) Vein - Carries blood to the heart from the organs (Thin wall, large lumen, low pressure, valves to prevent back flow) Capillary - Carries blood between the artery and vein, and through organs to transport oxygen to respiring tissues and remove waste products of respiration (one cell thick) |
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What is heart rate measured in and how is it recorded (2) |
- Beats Per Minute (bpm) - Records pulse rate |
