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55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
DOC for chloroquine resistant P flaciparum
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atovaquone-proguanil
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DOC for chloqruine resistant strains of malaria
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mefloquine
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DOC for strongloides and oonchocerciasis
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ivermectin
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mebendazole vs. praziquental
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mebendazole for round worms (pinworm)
paziquantal- fluckes, shistozomes |
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melarsoprol is for
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east african sleeping sickenss, melarsoprol
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stibgluconate
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DOC for cutaenous leismaniasis, causes severe phleobotoxicit and increased risk for thromvbosis and pancreatitis
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suramin
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east african sleeping sicknes (early), priuritis and fever
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Aminoglytcsides
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ototoxic and nephrotoxic, gram neg aerobes, amicacin, gentamycin, stretomycin tobramycin
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Erytromycins
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ause QT prolongation, especially with dugs lile antihistamies, erytromycin causes exeessicve GI prbsm stimulates motilin receptors in GI
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FQs
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floxixaN, 1st gen non-pseudomonas UTIs, second generation does that too, 3rd fen ads fran +, and mycoplasma, 4th gen used for pbeumococcus, floxicans
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isoniazid
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used for TB, rifampin, pyrazinimade and ethambutol for treatment of active 2ndarey TBm ysed as a nibitheray, can cause hepatotox, and peripheral pneuropathy, w/o Vit B6
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pyriazinimade
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used as multi drug therapy for TB ADRs hepatotox, and hyperuriciemia
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rifampin and rifabutin
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Rifabutin0 mycobateruum avium complex, not for kids, liver tox thrombocytomeina, discolration of stuff, rigampin too
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NSAIDs
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ASA, diclofenax, etodolac, flurniprogen, chronic used assoicated with renal prbobs, worsening of CHF and GI bleeds
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NSAID for severe acute pain
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ketorolac, serious GI prnbs and renal effects
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Enzyme that requires an N-acetylglutamate cofactor
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carbamoyl phsophate synthetase, reactes ammonia with ATP, without the carbamoyl phsosphat4e casues elevated orthinite low citrulline and no arginosuccinate or arginine
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Amino acid groups
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csteine and methinonine contain sulfur
-henylalainine, methionine and ysteine are hydrophobic, aspartate nad glutamate are negatively charged, arginine is postive |
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peptide bonds are formed by
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amino group to carboxyl group of amino acids to form a chain
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2,3 BPG
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byproduct of glycolysis, when levels are high then decreased oxygen binding of Hb, delivery to tissues doing lots of glycolysis
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Collagen synthesis
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requires Vit C to make hydroxylysine/proline from glycine and proline (two main components of collagen)
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Enzymes and competitive inhibitors
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competitive inhibtors increase Km (sustrate neded to reach1/2 Vmax) without affecting Vmax (maximum reaction velocity)
noncompetitive inhibitros bind another site decreasing Vmax but no impact on Km |
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GLUT transporters
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transport glucose across emmbranes
GLUT1- RBCs Glut 2- hepatocytes, pancreatic beta islet cells and renal cells, insulin dependnat Glut 4- insulin sensitive on skleetal muscle and adipose tissue |
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Fates of pyruvate
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end product of glycolysis
1. celss without mitochndria or have no O2 converted to lactic acid by LDH 2. pyruvate dehydrogenase converts to Acetyl Coa for Krebs 3. converted to oxaloacetate by pyruvate carboxylase for gluconeogensis 4. in microorgansisms can reduce pyruvate to ethanol |
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TCA cycle
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fuled by acetyl CoA, arsenic inhbits pruvate dehydrogenase inhibits TCA cycle
yields 11 ATPs from NADs and FADH |
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How many pyruvates from 1 glucose?
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2
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gluconenogenic molecules
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glycolysis and TCA cycle intermediates, glycerol, tyrosine, trytopahan, isoleucine
pyruvate converted to phospheolpyruvate via PEP carboxykinase (RLS) and pyruvate carboxylae |
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2 major glycogen storage sites
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liver and skeletal msucle
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hormone control of pancreatic release of enzymes
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by enzyme CCK produced by intesintes in response to lipis
apo B48 combines with lpids to form chylomicron which enters lyphatic to reach blood |
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precursosrs of fatty acid syntehsis
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occurs in lvier, acetyl CoA RLS is acetyl CoA carboxylase, activated by insulin, end producet is palmitoyl CoA
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Fatty acid degradation
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occurs in teh mictochonridon, enters via carnitine palmitoyltransferases, Beta oxidation to form acetyl CoA
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Functions of cholesterol
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stabilizes plasma membranes, precurosr for steroid hromones, synthesis of bile acids
controlled by HMG CoA reductase, activatede by insulin |
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removal of no longer useful proteins
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ubiqutiin proteosome, lysomsomal systems
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amino groups get transferred to...
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glutamic acid, catalyzed by aminotransferases ALT and AST requires Vit B6
deaminattion of glutamte in lvier by glutamate dehydrogenase yields ammonia |
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carbbamoyl phosphate synthestase
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RLS of the urea cycle joins orthinine to from citrulline which combines with aspartate toform arginosuccinate later cleaved back to ornithine, yields urea
kidney prolems abd liver to get hyperammnemia |
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Essential AAs
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methioneine, threonine, valine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, tryptophan, phenylalanine
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gluconeogenic aas
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alanine, trytophan, serine, glycine and cysteine yield pyruvate, isolecine yields acetyl CoA, acetoacetate from lecuine, lysine phenylalaine, tryptophan and yrosine, succinly CoA from sisoleucine, methoionine, theronine and valine, fumarate from phenylalaline and tyrosine
tyrto, phenyl adn tyro ans isol are all ketogenic too |
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White vs. gray rami communicantes
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White contains myelinated neurons from anterior nerve root, synpases in the chain and then returns to spinal nerve in the grey rami
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Clofibrate decreases TGs by...
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increasing liprotein lipase activity
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Commited step in pyrimidine synthesis
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controlled by carbomoyl phsopahte synthetase II, catalyzes from glutamine and CO2 generates carbamoyl phopshate
in purine syhtensis is phsoporibosyl pyrophophate amidotransferase |
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1st 10-18 hours after a fast
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onl gluconeogenesis as a source for glucose by third week brain uses exclusively ketone bodies as fuel
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polymerase delta
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repairs DNA and catalyzes DNA synthesis, elongation of laaging strand epsilon does leading strand
ply gamma proofreeds, alpha acts a primase |
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Histone arrangement
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8 histones in euchroitin, 2 H2A, H2B, H3 and H4s, connected bia nucleosome linking DNA
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steps of protein synthesis
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initiation factors are important, 5' cap used to correty position mRNAamino acids brought over by tRNA
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Stop codons
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UAG, UAA, UGA
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ELISA
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enzyme linke d immunosorbent assay used to detrect certain protens used for screenng in HIV
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Testicular feminization syndrome
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male XY, but nonfiunctional testosterone receptors lead to undescended testes, vagina and externally apperaing female
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hypognaodtropic hypogonaism
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Kallman syndrome, tumors, sarcoid of hypothalaums, anoerexia, proff atheletes, weight loss and high stress
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Adenomyosis
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gorwth of endometrial glands and stoma into uteirne muscullature, causes dysmennorhea, menorrhagia, diffusely large uterus that is soft, MRI, analgesis then hystrerectoy to tx
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Neoplastic ovarian cysts
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serous cystadenocarcinma, mucinous cystadeninocarcinoma
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theca lutein cyst
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filled with serous fluid within cysts of theca cels, high beta hCG, stimulation from molar pregnancy or cloiphenetherapy, pelvic discomfort
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faiure of fusion of paramesonephric ducts
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bicornate uterus possibly with double cervix
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Mayer-Rotinaskly- Kuster-Hasuer syndrome
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vaginal and or uterine ageneis, d/t mullerian agenesis
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straddle injury
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occur as a result of sudden fall on groin, intense pain, hematuria, srotal welling (urine getting into scrotum) tx is surgery
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Neoplastic testicular masses
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marble sized hard, nontender, non malignant ones tend to not e as hard
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epidiyidmitis
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inflammation of the epididymis, gradual onset, intense pain, pyuria, if younger or older due to anatomic abnromalities, otherwise gonorrhea or chlaymdia
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