Bio 101 Final Exam

indicates how acidic or basic a solution is

substances that take up hydrogen ions or release hydroxide ions. 7-14

dissociate in water, release hydrogen ions. 0-7

spontaneous and releases energy

requires an input of energy to occur

membrane bound vesicles that enclose enzymes and break down fatty acids

semifluid solution- waters and inorganic and organic molecules encased by the plasma membrane

nucleoid, plasmids, ribosomes, thykoloids

a short sequence of DNA where RNA-polymerase first attaches

short portion of DNA located before the structural genes

located some distance from promoter

controls speed which mRNA leaves nucleous

codominance,incomplete dominance, pleiotropy, polygenic inheritence

when two traits are fully expressed in the presence of each other

when heterozygote has intermediate phenotype between two traits

when a single mutant gene affects two or note seemingly unrelated traits

when a trait is governed by two or more sets of alleles

a specific combo of bonded atoms that always have the same chemical properties and always react the same

nucleoplasm,chromatin,chromosomes,genes,nuclelous,nuclear envelope,nuclear pores

deletion,inversion,duplication, and translocation

when an end of a chromosome breaks off

presence of a chromosome segment more than once

when chromosome segment has been turned 180 degrees

movement of a chromosome segment from one chromosome to another

accelerates the pace of genetic engineering by quickly creating more clones of a piece of DNA

synthesize carbs in plants

an energetically favorable and unfavorable reaction occurs in the same place at the same time. it is exergonic.

membrane bound vesicles produced by the golgi appartatus, stores enzymes in an inactive state

plasma membrane, cell wall, and glycolyx

the homologous chromosome pairs separate independently or randomly

metabolism, support,transport,defense,regulation,motion

amino acids

store info and conduct chemical reactions

nucleic acids

chromosomes are arranged by pairs according to size, shape, and general appearance

immediate energy source

monnosaccharides- simple sugars

point mutations, frameshift mutations, bases substitution

change in single DNA nucleotide

when one or more nucleotides are either added or deleted from DNA

one nucleotide is replaced with another incorrect nucleotide

a process by which RNA molecules are produced based on the DNA template

mRNA transcripts read by a ribosome and converted into the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide

DNA-RNA-Protein

Prophase II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II,Telophase II, daughter cells

bond where an electron is given up to the other. attraction between negatively and positively charged ions

energy cant be created or destroyed, but can be changed from one form to another. energy cant be changed without a loss of energy

breakdown of products to produce ATP

atoms of the same element that differ in the number of neutrons

light reactiosncapture the waves of sunlight for synthesis of carbohydrates

chlorophyll absorbs solar energy

cancer causing genes

code for proteins that inhibit the cell cycle and promote apoptosis

studded with ribosomes and produces proteins

doesnt have ribosomes- produces lipids

where protein synthesis occurs

water molecule removed as subunits join (BUILD)

adding water molecules to subunits (BREAK DOWN)

organic molecules that have identical molecular formulas but have different arrangements

lack a membrane bound nucleus

possess a nucleus

flagella, fimbriae, conjunction pili

G1, S, G2, Mitotic

C6H12O6+ 6CO2= 6CO2+ 6H2O+ energy

in: CO2, Out: CH2O

in: water and solar energy, out: O2

6CO2+12H2O= 6CH20+6H2O+6O2

high heat capacity, polar,high heat of evaporation, is a solvent,cohesive and adhesive, ice is less dense than water

caused by attraction of slightly positive hydrogen to a slightly negative atom in the vicinity

sum of protons and neutrons

hypothesis, gather data with observation and experimentation, conclusion

bacteria,Archaea, Eukarya

adaptations to all environments, absorb, photosynthesize, or chemosynthesize food

adaptations to extreme environments, absorb or chemosynthesize food

four groups: protists, plants, fungi, animals

store substances and are essential to plants function

cloning of a human tissue

cloning of an individual

cells that keep the ability to divide

cleavage furrow to divide

form a new cell wall

prophase, metaphase, anaphase,telophase

does not need oxygen to do so

need oxygen to do so

thykoloids

stroma

loss of electrons

gain of electrons

moves molecules across concentration gradient without the need of energy

moves molecules across their concentration gradient and requires energy

cell shrinks- fluid moves out of the cell

cell swells- fluid moves into the cell

molecules that can attract water

molecules that cant attract water

when two atoms share electrons so that each atom has 8

number of protons and electrons

fungi,plantae, and animalia

Charles Darwin: environment selects which traits are more apt to be passed on to the next generation

atom,molecule,cell,tissue,organ,organ system, organism,population, community,ecosystem, biosphere

when the concentration of the solution in and out of the cell are the same

the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane rfom high to low concentration

movement of molecules from higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is achieved

maintains hydrostatic pressure in plant cells and gives structural support

the type of nuclear division that reduces chromosomes from dipolid to haplois

prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

an exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of a bivalent during meiosis I

look alike, have same lenths and centromere position

cross of one trait with hybrid organisms

heterozygotes have unaffected phenotype

heterozygotes are affected

more males than females, for girls the dad must have it

double helix, base pairing, antiparrallel, sugar phosphate backbones

each strand of parental souble helix serves as a template. unwinding, base pairing, joining

takes message from DNA in nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm

transfer amino acids to the ribosomes

each coding unit

allows for conversion of DNA and RNA's chemical code to sequence of amino acids in a protein

regualtor gene, promoter, operator

explains gene regulation in prokaryotes

rRNA contains DNA from 2+ different sources. need vector, reaction enzyme, and DNA ligase

oil in plants, fats in animals: use for insolation

organized, needs materials and energy,maintains homeostasis, respond,reproduce and develop, have adaptations