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86 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
products:
Enzymes Toxic Mediators (histamine) |
effects:
Remodeling of connective tissue matrix toxic to parasites increase vascular permeability cause smooth muscle contraction |
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Allergic Reaction
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Activates connective tissue mast cells.
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Mast cell activation (degranulation)
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Releases inflammatory mediators:
-Heart effects -respitory effects -gastrointestinal effects |
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Autoimmunity
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Similar Allergy
-Inappropriate response to self -Similar symptoms |
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Graves disease
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antibody to a receptor on the thyroid stimulates thyroid. big eyes.
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passing graves
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transfer of antibodies into fetus.
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Lupus
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-Anti nuclear antibodies
-Immure complexes form -9 times more likely to affect females |
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Diabetes Mellitus
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T cells react to cells in pancreas, T cells attack pancreatic cells.
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causes of autoimmune
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-Genetic predisposition (MHC)
-Environmental factors -Breakdown of self-tolerance mechanisms -Thymic involution with age. |
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regenerative medicine
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-organ transplantation
-embryonic and adult stem cell therapies -theraputic cloning |
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types of transplants
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-Autogenic autograft- transplant to self
-syngenic isograft- transplants between identical individuals -allogenic allograft- same species -xenogenic- different species. |
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problems with transplants
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-genetic variation (MHC, blood type)
-The immune system recognizes the variation and responds to foreign tissue. |
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ways of avoiding rejection
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-matching individuals (tissue typing)
-immunosuppressive drugs (steroids etc.) Can result in infection and cancer. |
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Stem Cell
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-Can divide and differentiate
-into a function cell -replace a parent cell |
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heirarchy
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totipotent; pluripotent... blood stem cells/multipotent
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Embryonic stem cells
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-derived from human blastocyst
-can divide indefinitely -differentiates into all specialized cell types (pluripotent) -derived from inner cell of blastocyst |
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Ebryonic Stem Cells
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-can be cultured in lab, but can be the cause of tumors
-grown in non-human serum, non human feeder cells. -another problem is controlling differentiation. |
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teratomas
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-tumors with cells from undifferentiated escs.
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adult stem cell
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14 days after fertilization, cells differentiate into 3 embryonic germ layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm.
-also comes from adult tissues including bone marrow, skin, liver, brain, milk teeth etc. |
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Embryonic Stem Cells: More problems
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-Contaminants from non-human serum and feeder cells
-Ability to control differentiation. -Genetic Abnormalities -Ability to obtain ESCs -Understanding if immune system attacks ESCs |
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Future of ESCs
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-Growing ESCs without non-human components
-Other sources of "embryonic-like" stem .. amniotic fluid etc -new organs -knowledge gained from knowing what it takes to make a heart cell. |
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Laws regarding ESC research
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No federal money may be used to generate new ESC lines...
-Private Funding -American competitiveness?? |
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Pathogens
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-Worms
-Fungi -Protozoa -Bacteria -Viruses -Prions |
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Leading infections disease killers
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1. Acute Respitory Infections
2. Diarrheal 3. TB 4. Malaria 5. Hep 6. Measles 7. Memengitis |
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Leading causes of death
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1. Heart disease
2. Stroke 3. Lower resp. infect 4. hiv |
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Organisms in body
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1. Commenalism- No harm or good.
2. Mutualism-Both are mutually advantageous 3. Pathogens- causes harm |
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Schistosomes
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flatworms
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trichinella
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worm that causes trichnellosis. found in pigs
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fungi
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candidiasis.
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protist
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american/african sleeping disease
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bacteria
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spirillum. spirochete. e coli. cholera.
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hog cholera
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really a virus
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TB
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bacterium, affects lungs. results in cavity formation.
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diptheria
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damages mucosa with toxins
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Strepococcus
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usually affects throat. can affects skin. more virulent strain causes flesh eating bacteria.
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Heliobactor pylori
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cause of many gastrointestinal problems. bleeding. ulcers. stomach cancer.
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viruses
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-bad news wrapped in protein
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infected brain tissues (prions)
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CJD(human), Kuru(human), BSE(cow), Scrapie(sheep)
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Infectious Disease
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a disease is the condition in which the functioning of the body or a part of the body is interfered
with or damaged. In a person with an infectious disease, the infectious agent that has entered the body causes it to function abnormally in some way or ways. |
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bubonic plague
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The bubonic plague was the most commonly seen form of the
Black Death. The mortality rate was 30-75%. Bites by infected rat fleas or by aerosol droplets (pneumonic plague) transmitted the disease. |
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life cycle of west nile
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-birds infected, birds migrate.
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epidemic triggers
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-Crowding
-habitat invasion -global travel by air -loss of immunity with each new generation -mutation in microbe -overuse of antibiotics -poverty with poor sanitation -changes in human activities |
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Koch's postulates
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-if organism can be isolated
-and organism can be cultured in lab -and organism causes same disease when given to other host -and organism can be reisolated -then organism is cause |
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Dr. John snow
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cholera epidemic
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importance of uncontaminated water
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sewage treatment
-primary.. removes solids -secondary.. reduces organic content -teriary.. reduces phosphorus water purification -filtration -boiling -alcohol? |
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mary mallon
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first "healthy carrier". a cook, moved place to place.
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Yellow Fever
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-coughing blood. intestinal bleeding.
-mosquito eradication during spanish american war |
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flu
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-fever and respitory symptoms
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different kinds of flu
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-spanish flu. highest number of flu deaths. 500,000 in US
-Asian flu.. 70,000 deaths -Hong Kong Flu.. 34,000 deaths |
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avian flu
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-contact with excretions from birds
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nomenclature of flu
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A/Beijing/32/92 (H3N2)
Virus type/geographic origin/strain number/year of isolation (virus subtype) |
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emerging infections diseases
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-have entered human population recently
-very virulent -enter from animals -can be spread by modern transportation |
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fever
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-resetting of thermostat in brain
-stimulated by the immune response -cannot be retained for long |
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julius wagner jauregg
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-shock therapy
-developed treatment for malaria |
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iron
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rate-limiting nutrient for bacterial growth
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expulsion
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vomiting
diarrhea coughing sneezing tears menstruation |
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immune response to infection
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individual infected with one type of pathogen, response clears infection. new type is unaffected by previous response, new response clears.
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hiv
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-very high mutation rate because reverse transcription lacks the error correcting enzymes
-50% of viral dna have one mistake. -this is an adaptation to escape detection -confounded vaccine development |
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pathogens
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-evolutionary advantage
-developed complex immune system to respond -arms race with no end |
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conventional wisdom about pathogens
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since host is sick and parasite loses home, pathogens and hosts should evolve toward commenalism.
-but.... ultimate requirement is spread to new hosts. -if dispersal is dependent on health, then seriousness is less -if dispersal is by vector, then more virulence is needed -therefore, diseases spread by personal contact is less virulent than vectors |
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paul ewald
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-clean water decreases virulence of diarrheal diseases.
-hospital infections are very virulent (physicians and nurses are vectors) -condoms and clean needles decrease hiv virulence |
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antibiotics
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-antibacterial weapons made by microorganisms
-attack bacteria specifically -bacteria can develop resistance and become superbugs |
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bacteria mutation
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-pump out antibiotic
-degrade -chemically alter |
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what to do
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-reduce use of antibio
-use as directed |
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why microbes are effective weapons
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-cheap and easy
-difficult to identify attacker -long to detect but... -victims not predictable -attacker may become infected |
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catagory a diseases
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-easily transmitted
-high mortality -public panic -require special action |
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class a
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plague
small pox anthrax botulism ebola etc tularemia |
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camp detrick
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marylan, develops biological weapons including anthrax
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plum island
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-research foreign animal diseases that may be accidentally introduced to us
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rebirth island
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anthrax testing area
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project bonfire
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-identify resistance gene
-cut out antibiotic gene -insert gene into vector |
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four types of pathogen
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bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites
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Characteristic of inflammation
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tumor-raise
rubor-redness calor-heat dolor-pain |
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Immunse response
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Innate- Rapid response, fixed, limited number of specificities, constant during response.
adaptive- slow response, variable, numerous highly selective specificities, improve during response. |
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cells of immune system
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stem cells
--------------------- lymphoid- b cell.. t cell.. natural killer cell ---- myeloid progenitor -neutrophil -eosinophil -mast cell |
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immune cells
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lymphocite- production of antibodies or cytotoxic helper cellts T
plasma cell- fully differentiated form of B cell that secretes antibodies natural killer- kills cells infected with certain viruses. neutrophil- killing of microorganism eosinophil- kills antibody coated parasites basophil- unknown monocyte- precursor cell to macrophage macrophage- kills microorganisms. activation of t cells dendridic cell- activate t cells and initiates adaptive immune mast cell- expulsion of parasites by release of granules containing histamine |
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hematopoiseis
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production of blood cells in bone marrow.
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proportion of cells
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neutrophil- 40-75
eosinophil- 1-6 basophil- >1 monocyte-2-10 lymphocyte- 20-50 |
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what secreted antibodies do
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mark antigen for destruction and clearance
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B and T cells differ in how they recognize antigens
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B Cells- recognize epitopes on antigens.. antigens outside the cell
T Cells- recognize antigen fragmets presented on MHC proteins on cell surface -antigens inside the cell -antigens brought into the cell |
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two arms of immune system
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humoral immunity- intercellular, bacteria eg.
cellular immunity- intercellular microbes, viruses eg. |
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MHC function
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antigen presentation.
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T killers
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kill virally infected cells because they present antigens on the surface.. MHC travels to surface
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t helper cell
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activate immune cells because they present foreign antigens on their surface.
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cytokines
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t cells communicate with one another and other cells
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t cell education
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positive and negative selection in the thymus
positive- recognize self MHC negative- recognize non-self peptides |