Bio 1030 - Ch 12

one or more organisms that are genetically identical to the "parent" that donated the single cell nucleus

Yes, totipotent cell can generate full organism

-only found in plants

the nucleus of an unfertilized egg cell or zygote is replaced with nucleus of a differentiated cell

-frog was successful

-older the nucleus, the lower percentage of normal development of tadpole

-the more differentiated, the lower percentage of full development

1)her cells were not as healthy as cells of normal sheep

2) possible incomplete reporgramming of transplanted nucleus

1) mammary cell donor

2) egg cell donor - remove nucleus

3) transplant mammary cell nucleus into egg cell

Egg cell now has nucleus of mammary donor

4) grown in culture until early embryo

5) implanted into uterus of third surrogate sheep

6) embryonic development

Genetically identical to mammary cell donor (donor of nucleus)

-only small percentage of embryos develop normally to birth

-many that do live, exhibit defects

-many epigenetic changes

1. acetylation of histones

2. methylation of DNA

-must be reversed in nucleus in order for genes to be expressed or repressed

relatively unspecialized cell that can:

a)reproduce itself indefinitely

b) differentiate into precursor cell --> specialized cells of one or more types

ex: fat, bone, blood...etc.

totipotent: already differentiated (ex: blood cell)

Pluripotent: able to differentiate into all types of cells (ex: Embryonic stem cell)

ESC: pluripotent and can develop into all cell types under different culture conditions

ASC: can develop into some cell types

transformation of skin cells into Embryonic cells by using viruses (via vector) to introduce the stem cell master regulatory gene

1) treat some diseases

2) replace nonfunctional tissue (ex: damaged heart tissue)

1) PCRs - to amplify product, sequence it, and look for disease causing mutation

2) Microarray assays - to find SNPs associated with disease causing mutation

is the alteration of an afflicted individual's gene

-using vectors to deliver a genes to specific cells

ex: bone marrow

disorders that are traceable to a single defective gene

Diagnosis and treatment of disease

2. human gene therapy

3. pharmaceutical products

4. protein production and cell cultures

5. genetic profiling

6. environment

7. Agriculture

New drugs

ex: Gleevec - small molecule that inhibits the over expression of specific leukemia-causing receptor

Products that are proteins can be synthesized on a large scale

Host cells in a culture can be engineered to secrete a particular protein

-ex: Insulin, human growth hormone, vaccines

1. introduce genes from one species into the genome of another animal

2. produce large amounts of what would otherwise be a rare substance

-used for medical use

-individual's unique DNA sequence. Use of Short Tandem Repeats (STR)

-through analysis of tissue or bodily fluids

-forensic evidence

variations in the number of repeats (2 to 5 base pair sequences) in a specific region of the genome

-can modify the metabolism of microorganisms

-these microorganisms can be used to extract minerals from environment or to degrade toxicity

ex: clean up toxic waste

-to improve productivity

-genetic engineering speeds up selective breeding

-beneficial genes are transferred between species

Example: herbicide or pest resistance, improved nutritional value

1. GMO

2. Super weeds - from the transfer of genes from GM crops to their wild relatives

3. Transgenic protein products might lead to allergies

-non native to US

-spread serious disease such as dengue fever

Engineered a strain to:

-males (don't bite females) carry inserted DNA - dominant lethal genetic system.

-reproduce with females

-Offspring cannot survive outside of lab

-96% reduction as a result