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104 Cards in this Set
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thesmallest functional units of matter that form all chemical substances and thatcannot be further broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical orphysical means. |
Atom
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Positive subatomic particles; found in nucleus.
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Proton |
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Negative subatomic particles; found in orbitals.
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Electron |
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Neutral subatomic particles,found in nucleus.
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Neutron |
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Anatom or molecule that has gained or lost one or more electrons.
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Ion |
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Multipleforms of an element that differ in the number of neutrons.
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Isotope |
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Two molecules with an identical chemical formula but different structures and characteristics. |
Isomer |
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Regionssurrounding the nucleus in which the probability is high of findingthat electron.
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Orbital |
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Made up of Protons and Neutrons. the center of an atom. |
Atom's nucleus |
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The electrons in the outermost energy shell. |
Valence electrons |
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Atomsare stable when their outer shell is full. Formany atoms, the outer shell fills with 8 electrons. Oneexception is hydrogen, which fills its outer shell with 2 electrons.
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Octet rule |
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Numberof protons in an atom.
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Atomic Number |
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The mass of one atom of an element. |
Atomic Mass |
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Occursbetween atoms whose outer electron shells are not full.
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Covalent Bonds |
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Two atoms with different electronegativities bonded together with an uneven sharing of electrons. |
Polar covalent bonds |
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Two atoms with similar electronegativities bonded together with an even sharing of electrons. |
Nonpolar covalent bond |
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occurswhen a cation(an atom with a net positive charge) binds to an anion (an atom with a net negative charge).
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Ionic Bond |
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Occurbecause polar covalent bonds exist. Representedas dashed or dotted lines. Collectively,can form strong bond overall–HoldsDNA strands together. Individually,weak bonds can form and break easily.
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Hydrogen Bond |
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The tendency of nonpolar molecules in a polar solvent (usually water) to interact with one another is called thehydrophobic effect. The interactions between the nonpolar molecules |
Hydrophobic interactions |
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helphold the structure of a large molecule in place by weakly holding atoms thatare near each other in place.
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Van der whaal interactions |
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A measure of hydrogen concentration using a scale from 1-10, 1-6 being acidic, 7 being neutral, and 8-10 being alkaline |
pH |
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Moleculesthat release hydrogen ions in solution
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Acid |
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Lowerthe H+ concentration
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Base |
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Soulutions with a pH of 8 or above. |
Alkaline |
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Helpto keep a constant pH1. canshift to generate or release H+to adjust for changes in pH.
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Buffer |
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any chemical compound formed from the reaction of an acid with a base, with all or part of the hydrogen of the acid replaced by a metal or other cation
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Salt |
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a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
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molecule |
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•containthe same atoms but in different bonding relationships v |
Structural isomers |
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identicalbonding relationships, but the spatial positioning of the atoms differs in thetwo isomers
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Stereoisomers |
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Positioningaround double bond
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Geometric isomers |
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Mirrorimage of another molecule
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Enantiomers |
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a reaction in which two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, producing a small molecule such as H2O as a byproduct
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Condensation reaction |
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The reaction of water with another chemical compound to form two or more products, involving ionization of the water molecule and usually splitting the other compound
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Hydrolysis reaction |
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a molecule that can be bonded to other identical molecules to form a polymer.
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Monomer |
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what are the four macromolecules of life? |
carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids |
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what is the monomer of carbohydrates? |
monosaccharide |
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what is the function of carbohydrates? |
Providing energy and regulation of blood glucose. Sparing the use of proteins for energy. Breakdown of fatty acids and preventing ketosis
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what is the monomer of lipids? |
glycerol and fatty acids
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what is the function of lipids? |
play many important roles in your body, from providing energy to producing hormones
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what is the monomer of a protein? |
Amino acids |
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what is the function of a protein? |
play critical roles in nearly all life processes
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What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? |
nucleotide |
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what is the function of a nucleic acid? |
These molecules store and decode genetic information. |
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Allliving things are composed of one or more cells.Cellsare the smallest units of living organisms. Newcells come only from pre-existing cells by cell division |
cell theory |
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creators of cell theory |
Schleiden, Schwann& Virchow
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no distinct nucleus or membrane. bacteria and archea. |
prokaryote |
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cell containing a nucleus that makes up all living cells except bacteria and arche. |
eukaryote |
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regionwhere genetic material found
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nucleoid |
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a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material. |
nucleus |
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a substructure composed of nucleic acids and proteins that is found within the nucleus of a cell. Known as the ribosome production factory,
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nucleolus |
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includeseverything inside the plasma membrane
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Cytoplasm |
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A thick outer covering of the plasma membrane that is composed of strands of sugars and proteins bound together. trapswater, protection
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Glycocalyx
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Short, filamentous projections on a bacterial cell, used not for motility but for adhering to other bacterial cell or to animal cells
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pili |
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extension of a cell that allows for movement. (sperm) |
flagella |
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Microscopic, hair-like projection on the surfaces of some cells and of certain organisms
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Cilia |
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site of protein synthesis |
ribosome |
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a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments.
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desmosome |
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Molecular machine that makes ATP |
ATP synthase |
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•Networkof three different types of protein filaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments, and actin filaments.
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ctyoskeleton |
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a protein that forms the filaments of muscle cells, and is also involved in motion in other types of cells. |
actin |
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organization of cell organelles. chromosome sorting. intracellular movement of cargo |
microtubules |
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Provide cells with mechanical strength, cell shape, anchorage of cellular and nuclear membranes. |
intermediate tubules |
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a protein that is the main constituent of the microtubules of living cells.
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tubulin |
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made of cellulose are only found around plant cells and a few other organisms.
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cell wall |
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involved in protein synthesis and sorting. studded with ribosomes. |
Rough ER |
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–Detoxification,carbohydrate metabolism, calcium balance, synthesis and modification of lipids. Lacks ribosomes
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Smooth ER |
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a complex of vesicles and folded membranes within the cytoplasm of most eukaryotic cells, involved in secretion and intracellular transport
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Golgi apparatus |
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an organelle in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells containing degradative enzymes enclosed in a membrane.
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Lysosome |
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a protein-lined channel in the nuclear envelope that regulates the transportation of molecules between the nucleus and the cytoplasm
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nuclear pore |
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the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.
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Chromatin |
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a gelatinous liquid within the nucleus that surrounds the chromosomes and the nucleoli
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nucleoplasm |
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•Relativelysmall organelles found in all eukaryotic cells. catalyzes certain chemical reactions, typically those that break down molecules byremoving hydrogen or adding. produces hydrogen peroxide as a byproduct.
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peroxisome |
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In charge of ATP synthesis. ContainDNA separate from the nuclear genome. Single small circular double stranded chromosome. Similar to bacterial chromosomes. Reproducevia binary fission like bacteria |
Mitochondria |
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Capturelight energy and use some of that energy to synthesize organic molecules suchas glucose. Foundin nearly all species of plants and algae. Outerand inner membrane with an intermembrane space Third membrane, the thylakoid membrane,forms flattened tubules that stack to form a granum.
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chloroplasts |
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differamong cell types and even environmental conditions. three types
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vacuole |
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Inplants for storage and support
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central vacuole |
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inprotists for expelling excess waterC
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contractile vacuole |
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inprotists and white blood cells for degradation
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Phagocyticvacuoles (food vacuole)
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formsflattened tubules that stack to form a granum in chloroplasts
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thylakoid membrane |
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each of the partial partitions in a mitochondrion formed by infolding of the inner membrane.
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Christae |
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Type of intermediate filament.a cytoskeletal protein that lines the intracellular side of the plasma membrane in eukaryotic cells |
Spectrin |
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fibrous proteinsproviding structural function and transcriptional regulation in the cell nucleus
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lamin proteins |
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a protein belonging to a class of motor proteins found in eukaryotic cells. Move along microtubule filaments, and are powered by ATP
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kinesin |
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transports various cellular cargos, provides forces and displacements important in mitosis, and drives the beat of eukaryotic cilia and flagella
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Dynein |
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a large superfamily of motor proteins that move along actin filaments, while hydrolyzing ATP
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mysosin |
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a normal physiological process in the body that deals with destruction of cells in the body.–Recyclingof worn-out organelles through endocytosis
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autophagy |
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the controlled enzymatic modification of an organic molecule, especially a protein, by addition of a sugar molecule.
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glycosylisation |
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•Secretory pathway to move substances inand out of the cell
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endomembrane system |
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explains how eukaryotic cells may have evolved from prokaryotic cells
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endosymbiotic theory |
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Membraneis considered a mosaic of lipid, protein, and carbohydrate molecules membraneexhibits properties that resemble a fluid because lipids and proteins can moverelative to each other within the membrane
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fluid mosaic model |
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a type of membrane protein that is permanently attached to the biologicalmembrane
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integral proteins |
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¨Noncovalentlybound to regions of integral membrane proteins that project out from themembrane, or they are bound to the polar head groups of phospholipids
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peripheral proteins |
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having both hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts
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Amphipathic |
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a lipid containing a phosphate group in its molecule.
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phospholipid |
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A sterol or a modified steroid that is synthesized by animal cells to become an essential component of animal cell membranes
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cholesterol |
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proteins able to translocate phospholipids from one side of a membrane to the other even against a gradient of concentration and thereby able to establish, or annihilate, a transmembrane asymmetrical lipid distribution
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flippase |
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carbohydrate-rich zone on the cell surface shielding cell
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· Glycocalyx
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part of a complex system of communication that governs basic activities of cells and coordinates cell actions
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cell signaling |
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¨Soluteconcentration is higher (and water concentration lower) on one side of themembrane
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hypertonic |
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Equalwater and solute concentrations on either side of the membrane
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isotonic |
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Soluteconcentration is lower (and water concentration higher) on one side of themembrane
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hypotonic |
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membrane protein that is involved in facilitated diffusion. They can be either ion channels or carrier proteins
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uniporters |
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membrane protein that is involved in the transport of many differing types of molecules across the cell membrane.
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symporter |
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a cotransporter and integral membrane protein involved in secondary active transport of two or more different molecules or ions across a phospholipid membrane such as the plasma membrane in opposite directions.
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antiporter |
