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106 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Sporophyte |
Diploid individuals that produce spores. |
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Spore |
Haploid reproductive cells that divide mitotically. |
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Gametophyte |
Haploid individuals that mitotically produce haploid gametes. |
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Gametes |
Haploid sex cells. |
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Zygote |
Diploid individual resulting from fusion of gametes. |
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Protist reproductive cycle |
The sporophyte produces spores which turn into gametophytes that produce gametes. The gametes then fuse into a zygote. |
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Endosymbiosis |
The theory that Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were originally prokaryotes that formed a symbiotic relationship with larger organisms (Endosymbionts). |
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Nonvascular plants |
Plant that lack vascular tissue (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts). |
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Vascular plants |
Plants with water-conducting xylem and food-conducting phloem. |
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Dessication |
The tendency of organisms to lose water to the air. |
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Cuticle |
Waxy secretion on exposed leaf surfaces which is impermeable to water, preventing water loss. |
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Stomata |
Tiny mouth shaped openings which allow gas diffusion. |
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Rhizome |
Horizontal underground stem, with roots emerging from the sides. |
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Archegonium |
The female part where egg is formed. |
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Antheridium |
The male part where the sperm is formed. |
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Homosporous |
Produces only one type of spore.q |
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Heterosporous |
Produces 2 types of spores, typically are seed-producing plants. |
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Xylem |
Plant part that conducts water and dissolved minerals upward from the roots. |
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Phloem |
Plant part that conducts sucrose and hormonal signals throughout the plant. |
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Rhizoid |
Filamentous outgrowth or root hair on the underside of the thallus in some lower plants, especially mosses and liverworts. |
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Fronds |
The leaves of a fern, which develop as tightly rolled up coils which unroll and expand. |
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Sori |
Clusters of sporangia usually on the underside of the fronds. |
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Gymnosperms |
The seed (ovule) rests exposed on a scale. Conifers (pines, firs, cedars, etc), cycads (look like palm trees), gnetophytes (shrub-like and found in desert/arid areas), and ginko. |
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Angiosperm |
Flowering plants that have modified leaves encasing the ovule. |
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Monocot |
Plants with a seed that has only one cotyledon (first leaves of plant), leaves with parallel veins, and flower parts in multiple's of 3's. |
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Dicot |
Plants with a seed that has two cotyledon (first leaves of the plant), leaves with a network of veins, and flower parts are in multiples of 4's or 5's. |
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Pedicel |
The end of the stalk where the flower originates. |
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Whorls |
Circles in which flower parts are arranged. |
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Sepals |
Leaflike structures surrounding the lower part of the flower. |
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Petals |
Colored to attract pollinators. |
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Stamen |
Male part consisting of the anther and the filament. |
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Anther |
Pollen bearing stalk. |
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Filament |
Stalk supporting the anther. |
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Carpel |
Female part consisting of stigma, style, ovule, and ovary. |
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Stigma |
Sticky tip of the carpel which allows pollen to adhere. |
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Style |
Connects the stigma and the ovary. |
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Ovule |
Eggs inside the ovary. |
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Ovary |
Surrounds the ovule which develops into the fruit. |
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Seed Coat |
The outer layer of the ovule which develops into an impermeable layer. |
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Seed |
A vehicle of dispersal of the embryo. |
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Follicles |
Fruits that split along one carpal edge only (columbines). |
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Legumes |
Fruits that split along 2 carpal edges with seeds attached to carpal edges (peas, beans). |
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Samaras |
Fruit that does not split with a wing formed from outer tissue (maples, elms). |
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Drupes |
Single seed enclosed a hard pit (peaches, plums, coconuts). |
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True Berries |
Fruits with more than one seed and a thin skin (blueberries, tomatoes). |
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Hesperidia |
Fruits with more than one seed and a leathery skin (citrus). |
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Aggregate Fruits |
Fruits derived from many ovaries of a single flower (strawberries, blackberries). |
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Multiple Fruits |
Fruits derived from a cluster of flowers (pineapple). |
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Pome |
Fruits derived from a compound ovary, flesh is edible, and becomes a hardened cores, where seeds are (apple, pear). |
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Stem |
Plant framework for positioning of the leaves. |
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Nodes |
Plant part on stems that holds the leaves. |
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Internode |
Parts of the stem that are between the nodes of the plant. |
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Meristems |
Undifferentiated plant tissue from which new cells arise. They act like stem cells in animals. |
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Apical Meristems |
Located at the tips of stems and roots, just behind the root. They are responsible for elongation of the roots and stems. Primary growth in plants is brought about by apical meristems. |
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Lateral Meristems |
Peripheral cylinders of meristematic tissue within the stems and roots that produce an increase in the girth of a plant. This occurs typically in woody plants. |
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Indeterminate growth |
Plant growth in which the main stem continues to elongate indefinitely without being limited by a terminal inflorescence or other reproductive structure. |
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Determinate growth |
Plant growth in which the main stem ends in an inflorescence or other reproductive structure and stops continuing to elongate. |
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Annual |
Plants that perform their entire life cycle from seed to flowerwithin a single growing season. |
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Biennial |
Plants which require two years to complete their life cycle. |
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Perennial |
Plants with life cycles that persist for many growing seasons. |
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Dermal Tissue |
Tissue that forms the outer covering of the plants. This can be covered with the cuticle, or bark. |
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Guard cell |
Cells that surround and protect the stomata. |
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Trichome |
Hairlike outgrowth's of the epidermis frequently on stems, leaves, and reproductive organs. They keep leaf surfaces cool and reduce evaporation. |
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Root Hairs |
Tubular extensions of epidermal cells behind the tips of young growing roots. They increase root's surface area and efficiency of absorption. |
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Ground Tissue |
Tissue that consists of thin-walled parenchyma cells which function in storage, photosynthesis, and secretion. |
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Parenchyma Cells |
Most common type of plant cells with large vacuoles and thin walls. |
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Collenchyma Cells |
Plant cells with walls that vary in thickness, and provide support for plant organs by allowing them to bend without breaking. |
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Sclerenchyma Cells |
Plant cells with tough thick walls which strengthen plant tissues. |
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Transpiration |
The diffusion of water vapor from a plant. |
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Simple leaf |
Leaf with undivided blades, but can be lobbed (maple, oaks). |
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Compound leaf |
Leaf types that include Pinnately and Palmately leaves. |
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Pinnately Compound leaves |
Leaflets arranged in pairs along a common axis. |
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Palmately Compound leaves |
Leaflets radiate out from a common point. |
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Alternate leaf arrangement |
Spiral around a shoot, one leaf per node. |
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Opposite leaf arrangement |
2 leaves per node. |
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Whorled leaf arrangement |
Circle of leaves at the same node. |
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Alakaloids |
Plant toxins such as caffeine which can cause over-stimulation, sedation, or even death. |
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Tannins |
Plant toxins that bind to proteins and inactivate them. |
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Oils |
Plant secretions that act as natural insect repellents. |
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Allelopathy |
Chemicals secreted by the roots of one plant blocks the germination of seeds nearby or inhibits growth of a neighboring plant. |
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Auxin |
Plant hormone that stimulates stem and root elongation, functions in phototropism and gravitropism by inducing cell division. |
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Cytokinins |
Plant hormone that stimulates cytokinesis. |
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Gibberellins |
Plant hormone that stimulate stem elongation, leaf growth, fruit growth, pollen production, and seed germination. |
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Brassinosteroids |
Plant hormone that is similar to sex hormones of animals. |
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Abscisic Acid |
Plant hormone that inhibits growth, closes stomata, promotes seed dormancy, dessication tolerance. |
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Ethylene |
Plant hormone that is produced in response to stress (drought, flooding, injury). Promotes fruit ripening, dropping leaves. |
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Photomorphogenesis |
Non-directional, light triggered development. |
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Phototropisms |
Direction responses, and are triggered by red light receptors. |
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Gravitropism |
Plant response to the gravitational field of Earth, through the hormone Auxin. |
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Thigmotrophism |
Directional growth response of a plant from contact with an object, animal, plant or wind. |
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Turgor Movement |
Plant movement in response to touch through the use of turgor pressure. |
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Turgor pressure |
Pressure due to the diffusion of water into plant cells. |
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Pulvini |
Multicellular swellings at the base of leach leaf or leaflet which stores water for turgor pressure. |
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Circadian Rhythms |
A biological rhythm they use which is usually "set" to every 23 or 24 hours. |
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Hyphae |
Slender filaments that can be continuous, branching tubes, or long chains of cells arranged end-to-end. |
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Septa |
Cross-walls which divide hyphae. |
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Mycelium |
A mass of connected hyphae. It grows into the substrate into which the fungus is growing. |
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Monokaryotic |
Which each compartment of hypha has only one nucleus. |
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Dikaryotic |
Hyphae with 2 nuclei. |
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Heterokaryotic |
When a dikaryotic or multinucleate hypha has nuclei derived from 2 genetically different individuals. |
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Homokaryotic |
Hyphae whose nuclei are genetically identical to one another. |
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Obligate symbiosis |
Occurs when symbiosis is essential for survival. |
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Facultative symbiosis |
Occurs when fungus can survive without the host. |
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Lichens |
Mutualistic associations between fungi and algae. |
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Mycorrhizae |
Mutualistic associations between fungi and the roots of plants which can aid in absorption. |
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Ergots |
Parasitic fungi that grows on rye seeds. If consumed, it causes gengrene, spasms, hallucinations, and temporary insanity. |