Bio 2 Exam 2

-Eukaryotic

-Not Fungi, plants or animals

-Unicellular

-Colonial (stuck together)

-Multicellular

-Flagella

-Cilia

-Pseudopodia

-Photoautotrophs

-Heterotrophs (Phagotrophs & Osmotrophs)

-Mixotrophs

-Mitotic division (asexual)

-Budding

-Schizogony (several nuclei in a single cell)

-Red and green algae acquired a photosynthetic Cyanobacteria and evolved into plastids

-DNA of plastid genes in algae resembles DNA of Cyanobacteria

-Plastids in algae are surrounded by two membranes

-Chlorarachniophytes

-DNA sequence indicates they came from green algae

-Have a tiny vestigial nucleus called a nucleomorph

-Toxic

-Plasmodium causes malaria

-Haploid stage causes disease in humans

-Share a common ancestor with animals

-Sponges have flagellated cells that exactly match Choanoflagellates

-Sponges are animals

-Charophytes are a green algae ancestor to land plants

-Have Chlorophyll A & B which is only in land plants

-Eukaryotic & photosynthetic

-Sun exposure

-Lots of co2

-Mineral rich soil

-Initially few herbivores and pathogens on land

-Dessication (drying out)

-Gravitational force

-Alternation of generation & multicellular dependent embryos

-Walled spores produced in Sporangia

-Multicellular Gametangia

-Apical Meristem

-Haploid & Diploid

-Both phases multicellular

-Gametophyte produces haploid gametes by mitosis

-Sporophyte undergoes meiosis

-Embryophyte (zygote becomes multicellular embryo)

-Sporangia produces spores by meiosis

-Gametophyte is dominant & photosynthetic

-Sporophyte grows and depends on gametophyte for nutrients

-Localized regions of cell division at tips of roots and shoots

-Shoot Apical Meristem usually makes leaves

-Mycorrhizae is a symbiotic relationship between fungi and plants

-Flavonoids absorb harmful UV radiation

-Cuticle protects, Stomata aboard co2

-Small

-Sporo partly dependent on Gameto

-nonvascular

-Photosynthetic

-No Cuticle or Stomata

-Lacks true stems & leaves

-Haploid Gameto, Diploid Sporo

-Dominant Gametophyte

Root hair on underside of Thallus, mostly in Bryophytes, that anchors the plant and conducts water

-Mosses, Hornworts and Liverworts

-All require water for sexual reproduction

-Produce spores not seeds

-Lack vascular tissue

-Not Monophyletic

-Tracheophytes (Trachea)

-Xylem & Phloem are tubes for transporting material and make up the vascular system

Oldest known plant to have a stem with vascular tissue

-Vascular

-Both lack seeds

-Dominant Sporophyte independent of Gametophyte

-Not monophyletic

-Microphylls (Spornagia leaf) exclusive to Lychophytes

Micro-Leaf with a single unbranched vein or a structure derived therefrom

Mega-Leaf with internally branching system of veins or a structure derived therefrom

-Earliest vascular plants

-Resemble mosses but aren't closely related

-Often cling to trees

Lycophytes have Microphylls whereas Ptero and seed plants have megaphylls

-Mostly Ferns

-Homosporous

-Rhizomes instead of roots

-Sporangia called Sori

-Sporo and Gameto both photosynthetic

Cluster of Sporangia in ferns

-Alternation of Generations

-Walled Spores in Sporangia

-Multicellular Gametangia

-Apical Meristem

-Endosperm within seeds

-Ovary enclosed Ovules

-Stigma where pollen germination takes place

-Double fertilization & endosperm

-Stamens with pollen

-Cones (male and female)

-Unenclosed eggs

-All lack flowers & fruit

Megaspore-Produced by Megasporangia, develops into female Gametophyte

Microspore-Develops into male Gametophyte

Layer of Sporophyte tissue that protects the megasporangia

Megasporangium, megaspore & integument

Coniferophyta, Cycadophyta, Gnetophyta, Ginkophyta

-140 Million years

One sperm forms zygote, the other merges with two polar nuclei to form a triploid endosperm.

Provides nourishment for the developing embryo.

-Transpiration (water comes from roots and evaporates in leaves)

-carries minerals & dissolved ions

-flows bottom to top

-structural support

-Food conducting & hormone circulation

-Flows in either direction

Ability to respond to internal and external signs to produce a flower

Transition between developmental stages

-Allows response to seasonal changes

-Light dependent

-Depends on length of night

-light receptors are in leaves

-short day, long day, day neutral plants

Required cooling period necessary for flowering, ensures plant flowers at the optimal time.

-Independence from Pollinators

-Don't have to expend energy making a flower

-More uniform offspring are specifically adapted to a uniform habitat

Introducing unrelated genetic material into a breeding line, promotes genetic diversity.

Physical separation of male and female sex organs

Single plant with both male and female organs

One flower where male and female organs develop at different times

Plant recognizes its own genetic material and prevents fertilization

Asexual production of embryo in seeds

-Not part of primary chemical system

-Energetically expensive

-Function in defense

-Toxins don't affect plant

Break down to Cyanide when ingested

(Stops ETC & cell respiration)

Inhibits Sodium/Potassium pump

(Synthetic form used for heart conditions)

They lay their eggs on Milkweed, a toxic plant

-Caffeine, Morphine, Nicotine, Opium, Cocaine, LSD

-Likely evolved to deter Herbivores

-Usually found in bark

-Interferes with Protein digestion

-Found in wine, tea, chocolate

Chemicals secreted by roots and other parts that inhibit germination of growth in other plants. Minimizes competition for sun and resources.

Phytoestrogens in Soy and other plants are similar to vertebrate estrogen and can interfere with reproduction and development.

-Comes from Cinchona bark

-Synthetic version used to treat Malaria

-Malaria Plasmodium has grown resistant

-Ants live in Acacia thorns

-Ants attack invaders

-Some Acacia provide food for Ants

-Flowers keep Ants away so bees can pollinate

Viridiplantae (Green Plants) includes all plants including the green algae they evolved from. Some scientists disagree that green algae is a plant in the traditional sense.

Tough jacket surrounding spores produced in the sporophyte stage that help protect spores in adverse conditions.

-Self incompatibility

-Dichogamy

A group of Eukaryotes including Red and green algae and land plants. Supposedly all developed from an endosymbiotic cyanobacteria.

Gametophytes of seedless plants are visible to naked eye but in seed plants they are microscopic and contained within the spore wall for protection from dessication and UV and to feed off the parent sporophyte tissue.