Bio 20 Nutrients Enzymes Etc Part 1 Of Chapter 8

Carbohydrates, lipidss and proteins.

Help in chemical reactions and found in complex chemicals.

They are a primary energy source of all cells and its structural material of plant cell walls

Structural component of the cell and made of amino cells.

The genetic material that directs cell activity and is composed of sugar,phosphate, and nitrogen bases.

Energy storage compounds and structural component or cell membranes.

Vitamins and minerals, lipids(fats),carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids.

Macromolecules

Long molecules formed by bonding many small,similar chemical subunits together.

The chemical reactions that take place within a cell to support band sustain its life functions.

Chemicals are broken down.

Process where larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules by the addition of water.

Reactions in which larger chemicals are built from smaller components.

Process where larger molecules are formed by the removal of water from two smaller molecules.

By the -ose suffix.

Mono means one so it consists of a single sugar unit.

Di means two so it consists of two sugar units.

Poly means many so it consists of many,repeating monosaccharide sugar units bonded together.

By dehydration synthesis where a water molecule is removed and the 2 monosaccharides are bonded together.

Complex carbohydrate that is made from many simple sugars bonded together by dehydration synthesis

Starch

Amylose and amylopectin.

1000 or more glucose units molecules joined by the first C of glucose bonded to the fourth C of another glucose. IT is unbranched.

1000-6000 glucose subunits with short branching chains. It is a branched molecule.

Identifies all monosaccharides and only some disaccharides. This test can measure the approximate % of sugar. If the Benedicts reagent is blue, no monosacchrides are present. If it turns a variety of col ours monosaccharides are present. The col our determines the % of sugar present.

It identifies starch. It turns black/blue on the presence of starch. If starch is not present, it is yellow.

Animal storage of carbohydrates, type of polysaccharide with a lot of branching, contains 16-24 glucose units, structure reassembles amylopectin starch molecule, and animal storage product that accumulates in the vertebrae liver.

Formed when excess sugar is stored in the muscles and liver (usually during rest)

It converts back to individual glucose units(usually during exercise).

Cellulose

Many glucose units

Hydrogen bonding of the OH group

They do not like starch

No

Of subunits glycerol and fatty acids by the process of dehydration synthesis.

They act as cushions to protect delicate organs, carriers of vitamins A,D,E,and K and they act as raw materials for synthesis of hormones.

Tryglycerides that are solid at room temperature.

Tryglycerides that are liquid at room temperature.

Bonds between carbon atoms are all single bonds.

That the bonds between the carbon atoms contain double bonds.

Build up of cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels.

Low density lipoprotein(LDL) and high density lipoprotein(HDL)

Bad cholesterol,forms deposits in the walls of arteries, and the accumulation of cholesterol and other substances in artery was called plaque. It restricts blood floe and may lead to a heart attack or stroke.

Good cholesterol, carries bad cholesterol back to the liver where it is broken down.

When H is added to unsaturated fats in order to increase shelf life of food which called hydrogenation or transformation of unsaturated fats and this forms saturated fats which don't break down as readily in our bodies.

Used to form structural parts of cells, used to repair cell damage,not generally use a source of energy but they can do this and they are composed of mitochondria and ribosomes.

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

Subunits of proteins and made up of central c atom,bonded to a H atom and 3 other groups of atoms.

By the number and type of amino acids.

A covalent bond that forms between the amino group of one amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl(acid) group of the next amino acid.

A chain of 3 or more amino a acids.

Process where the bonds in a protein are disrupted causing a temporary change in the protein's shape

Process where the bonds in a protein are disrupted causing a permanent change in the shape of the protein.

Genetic material that directs cell activity.

A deoxyribonucleic acid. It is a double stranded molecule that contains genetic information.

A ribonucleic acid

DONE